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Understanding brain networks and brain organization
Open accessAbstract
What is the relationship between brain and behavior? The answer to this question necessitates characterizing the mapping between structure and function. The aim of this paper is to discuss broad issues surrounding the link between structure and function in the brain that will motivate a network perspective to understanding this question. However, as others in the past, I argue that a network perspective should supplant the common strategy of understanding the brain in terms of individual regions. Whereas this perspective is needed for a fuller characterization of the mind-brain, it should not be viewed as panacea. For one, the challenges posed by the many-to-many mapping between regions and functions is not dissolved by the network perspective. Although the problem is ameliorated, one should not anticipate a one-to-one mapping when the network approach is adopted. Furthermore, decomposition of the brain network in terms of meaningful clusters of regions, such as the ones generated by community-finding algorithms, does not by itself reveal "true" subnetworks. Given the hierarchical and multi-relational relationship between regions, multiple decompositions will offer different "slices" of a broader landscape of networks within the brain. Finally, I described how the function of brain regions can be characterized in a multidimensional manner via the idea of diversity profiles. The concept can also be used to describe the way different brain regions participate in networks.
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“multiple structural network configurations can theoretically give rise to the same apparent aberrations in function – this is essentially the ‘many-to-many mappings’ problem very nicely described in (Pessoa, 2014).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2014
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“There are numerous lines of evidence to suggest that brain-behavior relationships are not simply one-to-one (Pessoa, 2014).”
From Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2014
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“…these phenomenological dimensions and activity in specific brain regions is plausible because studies concerning emotion and cognition have shown that brain regions’ functions are inherently multidimensional, and that structurally different regions can perform the same function (Pessoa, 2014).”
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“This implicit graphical methodology offers several advantages in preserving weak connectivity in functional connectomics (Jiang and others 2015b; Pessoa 2014).”
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Beyond the Tripartite Cognition–Emotion–Interoception Model of the Human Insular Cortex
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Self-citationUnderstanding the behavioural consequences of noninvasive brain stimulation
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“Following this philosophical segregation between psychological sciences and neurosciences, it is now widely acknowledged that there is no one-to-one mapping between behavioral functions and brain regions (Anderson, 2016; Genon et al., 2018; Pessoa, 2014).”
Linking interindividual variability in brain structure to behaviour
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“However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the correspondence between brain structure and function is better represented by a oneto-many relationship, or pluripotentiality (Gallese and Lakoff, 2005; Dehaene and Cohen, 2007; Gallese, 2008; Hurley, 2008; Pessoa, 2008, 2014; Anderson, 2016).”
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“However, the degree to which mental processes engage specific, common or partially overlapping regions remains a topic of debate [Pessoa, 2014; Price and Friston, 2005].”
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“These network approaches to brain function have recently dominated the cognitive neuroscience landscape, and are continuing to provide more nuanced views of structure-function relationships in the human brain [Pessoa, 2014].”
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“In a conceptual review of functional networks, Pessoa (2014) outlined the foundations for such a vocabulary.”
ALE meta‐analysis reveals dissociable networks for affective and discriminative aspects of touch
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“In particular, the posterior-anterior insula axis may contribute to affective evaluation in terms of salience [Menon and Uddin, 2010; Pessoa, 2014], certainty, and/or risk, as has been postulated for the case of pain [Mouraux et al., 2011; Morrison et al., 2013; Perini et al., 2013].”
BackgroundThe embodied brain: towards a radical embodied cognitive neuroscience
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“Pessoa has suggested that ‘‘In the extreme, two networks may involve the exact same regions interacting with each other in distinct ways across time’’ (Pessoa, 2014, p. 408).”
BackgroundInfluentialSubcortical contributions to large-scale network communication
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“Understanding that role requires us to move beyond what ((Pessoa 2014) p.11) describes as the ‘corticocentric’ image in which evolutionary older sub-cortical structures are dominated and controlled by the more recent cortical overlay.”
BackgroundFace processing in autism spectrum disorders: From brain regions to brain networks
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“…perspective to understanding brain function can provide more parsimonious explanations of the complex relationship between brain and behavior (Pessoa, 2014; Linquist and Barrett, 2012) and in particular can elucidate key principals of functional brain organization underlying typical and…”
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“However, this approach is not without criticism, and Pessoa (2014) suggests that given its rich connectivity, the amygdala is arguably a processing hub belonging to a minimum of at least three networks pertaining to visual processing, autonomic awareness and the generation of bodily states, and a…”
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“…that target cortical regions either directly or via the thalamus, including areas such as the basal forebrain (Dunnett et al., 1991), hypothalamus (Pessoa, 2014), basal ganglia (Clarke et al., 2008), amygdala (Pessoa, 2013), cerebellum (Leiner et al., 1986), and brainstem via dopaminergic and…”
BackgroundInfluentialIndividual differences and time-varying features of modular brain architecture
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Self-citationControversies and progress on standardization of large-scale brain network nomenclature
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“Likewise, hub regions in the brain are thought to dynamically affiliate with disparate clusters of brain regions in a contextdependent fashion (Cole et al., 2013; Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRDoC-based categorization of amygdala functions and its implications in autism
Hennessey, T., Andari, E., & Rainnie, D. G. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.007 · Cited by 107
“…is a prime example of how neuroscience has shifted from a phrenological perspective mapping one function—fear—to one brain region and towards a network paradigm where actions arise from a dynamic affiliation of neural assemblages communicating with one another (Pessoa, 2014; Weiskrantz, 1956).”
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“Specific regions do not work in isolation but are part of large-scale connectional systems that support a rich repertoire of functions (Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe functional overlap of executive control and language processing in bilinguals
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“See Pessoa, 2014 and Horwitz, 2014 for further discussion of brain networks.”
BackgroundRefocusing neuroscience: moving away from mental categories and towards complex behaviours
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Self-citationEarly human brain development: Starring the subplate
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“On the other hand, datadriven brain decomposition methods have provided alternative tools for charactering intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) and estimate functional network connectivity and are favored for modeling many-to-many mapping between brain regions and functions [11].”
MethodA contextualist approach to functional localization in the brain
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“MT, for instance, can be said to represent at least motion, coarse depth, and fine depth depending on the stimulus context, and to respond to color when that information helps segment a moving stimulus. Read in this way, there is ample evidence that decomposition can be met. I will here briefly compare current physiol…”
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“, 2013), and many-to-many (Pessoa, 2014) have not been fully explored yet.”
BackgroundMicrofluidics for Neuronal Cell and Circuit Engineering
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“Lately, the neural networks of the human brain have started to be studied using tools from network science (Pessoa, 2014).”
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“overlap between FNs obtained by the proposed method, indicating that certain brain regions might play multiple roles in the brain networks, especially higher-order association cortex within the frontal and temporal lobes (Pessoa, 2014).”
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Linking Human Cortical Development and Evolution
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“This GLM approach and its findings are in general consistent with a modular view of brain functional organization that different mental processes operate in different brain regions (Donoso et al., 2014; Kanwisher, 2010; Pessoa, 2014; Rowland and Moser, 2014; Szentagothai, 1983).”
ResultActivation network mapping for integration of heterogeneous fMRI findings
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“Indeed, it has been demonstrated that one single area may not be explicative of the cognitive functions underlying the processing of a stimulus, instead the strength of the connections may vary and be more informative (Pessoa, 2014; Diano et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCortical thickness patterns as state biomarker of anorexia nervosa
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“Brain organization refers to how brain regions form networks, and larger or smaller brain regions therefore contribute differently to larger networks that are thought to drive behavior (Pessoa, 2014).”
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Psychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury — future directions in research
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The Diversity and Multiplexity of Edge Communities within and between Brain Systems
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“Therefore, it is not a one-to-one mapping between function and connectivity (Pessoa 2014).”
BackgroundA functorial Dowker theorem and persistent homology of asymmetric networks
Chowdhury, S., & Mémoli, F. (2018) · Journal of Applied and Computational Topology · doi:10.1007/s41468-018-0020-6 · Cited by 75
“…2010), commerce and economy (Elliott et al. 2014; Easley and Kleinberg 2010; Acemoglu et al. 2015), neuroscience (Sporns 2011, 2012; Sporns and Kötter 2004; Rubinov and Sporns 2010; Pessoa 2014), biology (Barabási and Oltvai 2004; Huson et al. 2010), and defence (Masys 2014), to name a few sources.”
BackgroundConnectivity‐based parcellation of normal and anatomically distorted human cerebral cortex
Doyen, S., Nicholas, P. J., Poologaindran, A., Crawford, L. S., Young, I. M., Romero-García, R., & Sughrue, M. E. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25728 · Cited by 56
“A unifying principle of brain network organization is that the functional relevance of a brain area is dependent on its connectivity with surrounding brain areas (Fischl, 2012; McIntosh, 2004; Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundSurlari, Z., Budală, D. G., Lupu, I. C., Stelea, C. G., Butnaru, O., & Luchian, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12237378 · Cited by 55
“The human brain can be conceptualized as a complex network of interconnected neurons that communicate with one another, transmitting electrical impulses throughout the entire body [2].”
BackgroundClosing the mechanistic gap: the value of microarchitecture in understanding cognitive networks
Paquola, C., Amunts, K., Evans, A. C., Smallwood, J., & Bernhardt, B. C. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.07.001 · Cited by 52
Commitment System Theory: The Evolving Structure of Commitments to Multiple Targets
Klein, H. J., Solinger, O. N., & Duflot, V. (2020) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2018.0031 · Cited by 66
Holczer, A., Németh, V. L., Vékony, T., Vécsei, L., Klivènyi, P., & Must, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00179 · Cited by 56
“Brain regions organize into brain networks to implement various cognitive and other operations (Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundSparse evolutionary deep learning with over one million artificial neurons on commodity hardware
Liu, S., Mocanu, D. C., Matavalam, A. R. R., Pei, Y., & Pechenizkiy, M. (2020) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-020-05136-7 · Cited by 67
“Sparse evolutionary training Inspired by the fact that biological neural networks are prone to be sparse, rather than dense (Strogatz, 2001; Pessoa, 2014), there is an increasing interest in conceiving neural networks with a sparse topology (Mocanu et al.”
BackgroundCongenital blindness is associated with large-scale reorganization of anatomical networks
Hasson, U., Andric, M., Atılgan, H., & Collignon, O. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.048 · Cited by 51
Brain flexibility associated with need for cognition contributes to creative achievement
He, L., Zhuang, K., Li, Y., Sun, J., Meng, J., Zhu, W., Mao, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, X., & Qiu, J. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13464 · Cited by 52
On the interplay between mathematics and biology
Bellomo, N., Elaiw, A. M., Althiabi, A. M., & Alghamdi, M. (2014) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2014.12.002 · Cited by 50
Tasks activating the default mode network map multiple functional systems
Mancuso, L., Cavuoti-Cabanillas, S., Liloia, D., Manuello, J., Buzi, G., Duca, S., Cauda, F., & Costa, T. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02467-0 · Cited by 53
“There are several obvious reasons explaining why canonical RSNs are a simplistic representation of brain complexity (Pessoa 2014).”
Building an EEG-fMRI Multi-Modal Brain Graph: A Concurrent EEG-fMRI Study
Yu, Q., Wu, L., Bridwell, D. A., Erhardt, E. B., Du, Y., He, H., Chen, J., Liu, P., Jing Sui (Beijing Normal University), my correct affiliation is beijing normal university, N. Q. U. O. S. A. T., Pearlson, G. D., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00476 · Cited by 49
Affect-biased attention and predictive processing
Ransom, M., Fazelpour, S., Markovic, J., Kryklywy, J. H., Thompson, E. T., & Todd, R. M. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104370 · Cited by 49
“For example, they follow (Pessoa, 2014) in viewing the medial pulvinar as amplifying weak but biologically valuable signals and so influencing behavior.”
BackgroundHossein, S., Cooper, J. A., DeVries, B. A. M., Nuutinen, M. R., Hahn, E., Kragel, P. A., & Treadway, M. T. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02056-5 · Cited by 53
“Within this system, the amygdala has been indicated as a network “ hub ” , given its high connectedness with multiple cortical areas in primates [12, 13].”
BackgroundA connectome-based mechanistic model of focal cortical dysplasia
Hong, S., Lee, H.-M., Gill, R. S., Crane, J., Sziklas, V., Bernhardt, B. C., Bernasconi, N., & Bernasconi, A. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz009 · Cited by 48
Reis, J. C., Antoni, M. H., & Travado, L. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001621 · Cited by 44
Burrows, C. A., Timpano, K. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616683506 · Cited by 43
“Current conceptualizations of brain function contend that local and distal brain regions are functionally coupled, and operate within networks to achieve specific outcomes (Biswal, 526 Burrows et al. Zerrin Yetkin, Haughton, & Hyde, 1995; Damoiseaux et al., 2006; Pessoa, 2014; Smith et al., 2009).”
BackgroundReliability of graph metrics derived from resting‐state human EEG
Kuntzelman, K. M., & Miskovic, V. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12600 · Cited by 43
Detection of Pilot’s Mental Workload Using a Wireless EEG Headset in Airfield Traffic Pattern Tasks
Liu, C., Zhang, C., Sun, L., Liu, K., Liu, H., Zhu, W., & Jiang, C. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25071035 · Cited by 43
Zhang, J., Lin, X., Fu, G., Sai, L., Chen, H., Wang, M., Wang, M., Liu, Q., Yang, G., Zhang, J., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25297 · Cited by 43
Emotion and the Interactive Brain: Insights From Comparative Neuroanatomy and Complex Systems
Pessoa, L. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073918765675 · Cited by 58
“From that viewpoint, what is important is not simply the anatomical location of a region but its position in a space of functional relationships to other regions (Aertsen & Preissl, 1991; Friston et al., 1997; Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationvan Schie, C. C., van Harmelen, A., Hauber, K., Boon, A. E., Crone, E. A., & Elzinga, B. M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2016.1272788 · Cited by 38
“Finally, as the mirror and mentalization system involve a network of brain regions, we should understand neural findings in the context of a larger network (Bressler & Menon, 2010; Pessoa, 2014).”
Deep Variational Autoencoder for Mapping Functional Brain Networks
Qiang, N., Dong, Q., Ge, F., Liang, H., Ge, B., Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Gao, J., & Liu, T. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems · doi:10.1109/tcds.2020.3025137 · Cited by 42
Altered brain networks in psychogenic erectile dysfunction: a resting‐state fMRI study
Chen, J., Chen, Y., Chen, G., Dai, Y., Yao, Z., & Lü, Q. (2017) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12411 · Cited by 38
Amend, M., Ionescu, T. M., Di, X., Pichler, B. J., Biswal, B. B., & Wehrl, H. F. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.034 · Cited by 36
Toward an integrative science of social vision in intergroup bias
Bagnis, A., Celeghin, A., Mosso, C. O., & Tamietto, M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.020 · Cited by 38
Mills, B. D., Grayson, D. S., Shunmugavel, A., Miranda-Domínguez, Ó., Feczko, E., Earl, E., Neve, K. A., & Fair, D. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2910-17.2018 · Cited by 33
“As others have noted, identifying causal links between structural and functional network disturbance is fundamentally difficult (43) and depends crucially on the validity of the measurements and the proposed model (5, 25).”
BackgroundGeier, C., Lehnertz, K., & Bialonski, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00462 · Cited by 36
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 20 August 2015 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00462 Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 462 Edited by: Joydeep Bhattacharya, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Reviewed by: Sabato Santaniello, University of Connecticut, USA Huafu Chen, Univer…”
InfluentialDajani, D. R., Burrows, C. A., Odriozola, P., Baez, A., Nebel, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Uddin, L. Q. (2019) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101678 · Cited by 33
“There are numerous lines of evidence to suggest that brain-behavior relationships are not simply one-to-one (Pessoa, 2014).”
Qiang, N., Dong, Q., Liang, H., Ge, B., Zhang, S., Zhang, C., Gao, J., & Sun, Y. (2022) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-021-06868-w · Cited by 35
Brooks, S. J., Parks, S. M., & Stamoulis, C. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab126 · Cited by 40
An Efficient Methodology for Brain MRI Classification Based on DWT and Convolutional Neural Network
Fayaz, M., Torokeldiev, N., Turdumamatov, S., Qureshi, M. S., Qureshi, M. B., & Gwak, J. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21227480 · Cited by 37
“The brain connectivity characterizes networks of brain regions connected by anatomical traits [4,5].”
BackgroundBishop, R. C., Silberstein, M., & Pexton, M. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192849786.001.0001 · Cited by 36
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pessoa, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pessoa, Luiz
- ORCID
- Pessoa, Luiz
- Venue
- Physics of Life Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 400-435
- ISSN
- 1571-0645 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4157099
- OpenAlex
- W2031461126
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16
- FWCI
- 3.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physics of Life Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH071589)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain networks, brain organization, structure-function mapping, brain-behavior relationship, network perspective, many-to-many mapping, community detection, subnetworks, hierarchical brain organization, brain regions
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Nerve Net
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