Cited by 151Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchNigella sativa pharmacological applicationsEpilepsy research and treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 135 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Therapeutic potential of cannabis-related drugs

Alexander, Stephen P.H.·2016·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this review, I will consider the dual nature of Cannabis and cannabinoids. The duality arises from the potential and actuality of cannabinoids in the laboratory and clinic and the 'abuse' of Cannabis outside the clinic. The therapeutic areas currently best associated with exploitation of Cannabis-related medicines include pain, epilepsy, feeding disorders, multiple sclerosis and glaucoma. As with every other medicinal drug of course, the 'trick' will be to maximise the benefit and minimise the cost. After millennia of proximity and exploitation of the Cannabis plant, we are still playing catch up with an understanding of its potential influence for medicinal benefit.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001

Cites

135 of 135 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids
Munro, S., Thomas, K. L., & Abu-Shaar, M. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365061a0 · Cited by 5,092
Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA
Matsuda, L. A., Lolait, S. J., Brownstein, M. J., Young, A. C., & Bonner, T. I. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346561a0 · Cited by 5,011
Unresponsiveness to Cannabinoids and Reduced Addictive Effects of Opiates in CB 1 Receptor Knockout Mice
Ledent, C. A., Valverde, O., Cossu, G., Petitet, F., Aubert, J.-F., Beslot, F., Böhme, G. A., Impérato, A., Pedrazzini, T., Roques, B. P., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5400.401 · Cited by 3,628
Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish
Gaoni, Y., & Mechoulam, R. (1964) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01062a046 · Cited by 2,389
Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain.
Herkenham, M., Lynn, A. B., Little, M. D., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S., de Costa, B. R., & Rice, K. C. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.5.1932 · Cited by 2,321
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Ligands: Beyond CB1 and CB2
Pertwee, R. G., Howlett, A. C., Abood, M. E., Alexander, S. P. H., Marzo, V. D., Elphick, M. R., Greasley, P. J., Hansen, H. S., Kunos, G., Mackie, K., et al. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.110.003004 · Cited by 1,666
Self-citation
The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor
Ryberg, E., Larsson, N., Sjögren, S., Hjorth, S., Hermansson, N., Leonova, J., Elebring, T., Nilsson, K., Drmota, T., & Greasley, P. J. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460 · Cited by 1,568
Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study
Gaal, L. F. V., Rissanen, A., Scheen, A. J., Ziegler, O., & Rössner, S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66374-x · Cited by 1,511
Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation
Dinh, T. P., Carpenter, D., Leslie, F. M., Freund, T. F., Katona, I., Sensi, S. L., Kathuria, S., & Piomelli, D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152334899 · Cited by 1,373
A Comprehensive Profile of Brain Enzymes that Hydrolyze the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol
Blankman, J. L., Simon, G. M., & Cravatt, B. F. (2007) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.11.006 · Cited by 1,177

Show all 135 references

Sorted by citations

Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders
Cristino, L., Bisogno, T., & Di Marzo, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z · Cited by 970
New approaches and challenges to targeting the endocannabinoid system
Marzo, V. D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.115 · Cited by 502
Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids: Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer
Pellati, F., Borgonetti, V., Brighenti, V., Biagi, M., Benvenuti, S., & Corsi, L. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/1691428 · Cited by 430
“CBDA has antimicrobial and antinausea properties [1, 11, 13], while CBG has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic activities [1, 11, 13, 15].”
Background
Cannabinoids and Cytochrome P450 Interactions
Zendulka, O., Dovrtělová, G., Nosková, K., Turjap, M., Šulcová, A., Hanuš, L., & Juřica, J. (2016) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/1389200217666151210142051 · Cited by 308
“They are known to have a wide range of pharmacologic effects [7, 8], for which the hemp plant has been used for over 6000 years in herbal medicine and as a recreational drug.”
Background
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis, Cannabidiol, and Cannabinoid-Based Pharmaceuticals
Legare, C. A., Raup‐Konsavage, W. M., & Vrana, K. E. (2022) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000521683 · Cited by 320
Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)
Brighenti, V., Pellati, F., Steinbach, M., Maran, D., & Benvenuti, S. (2017) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.049 · Cited by 272
Pharmacokinetic and behavioural profile of THC, CBD, and THC+CBD combination after pulmonary, oral, and subcutaneous administration in rats and confirmation of conversion in vivo of CBD to THC
Hložek, T., Uttl, L., Kadeřábek, L., Balı́ková, M., Lhotková, E., Horsley, R. R., Nováková, P., Šíchová, K., Štefková, K., Tylš, F., et al. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.10.037 · Cited by 248
“, 2014), the two major phytocannabinoids are Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), both of which have been shown to have distinct therapeutic and adverse effects (Alexander, 2016; Schubart et al., 2014; Whiting et al., 2015; Zhornitsky and Potvin, 2012).”
Clinical applications of hallucinogens: a review
Garcia-Romeu, A., Kersgaard, B., & Addy, P. H. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000084 · Cited by 201
“…therapeutic applications of cannabinoids have garnered interest and demonstrated some preliminary or preclinical evidence of feasibility, including as an anticancer agent (Velasco et al., 2016), for epilepsy (Alexander, 2016), mood disorders (Bambico et al., 2007), and PTSD (Greer et al., 2014).”
Background
New Methods for the Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)
Pellati, F., Brighenti, V., Sperlea, J., Marchetti, L., Bertelli, D., & Benvenuti, S. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23102639 · Cited by 209
“CB has anti icrobial and anti-nausea properties [2,20,22], hile CBG has anti-infla atory, anti icrobial and analgesic activities [2,20,22,24].”
Background
Impact of N, P, K, and Humic Acid Supplementation on the Chemical Profile of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L)
Bernstein, N., Gorelick, J., Zerahia, R., & Koch, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00736 · Cited by 155
“Cannabis sativa has been used for medical purposes in traditional medicine since antiquity and is currently being evaluated as a promising treatment for a wide range of medical indications (Grotenhermen and Müller-Vahl, 2012; Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis Sativa L. Optimized by Response Surface Methodology
Agarwal, C., Máthé, K., Hofmann, T., & Csóka, L. (2018) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14075 · Cited by 139
Cannabinoids, Blood–Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition
Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265 · Cited by 139
“THC and CBD share the same plant derivation but show distinct biological effects [4,5].”
Background
Interplay between chemistry and morphology in medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.)
Bernstein, N., Gorelick, J., & Koch, S. (2018) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.039 · Cited by 120
Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa L.) Extract: Anti-Microbial Properties, Methods of Extraction, and Potential Oral Delivery
Fathordoobady, F., Singh, A., Kitts, D. D., & Singh, A. P. (2019) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1600539 · Cited by 117
Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive review
Bhunia, S., Kolishetti, N., Yndart, A., Vashist, A., & Nair, M. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.989717 · Cited by 121
“ECS consists of two primary receptors of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) family: cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), two primary ligands known as endocannabinoids (namely, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG)) and enzymes (namely, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoglyceride lipase…”
Background
Safety and efficacy of nabiximols on spasticity symptoms in patients with motor neuron disease (CANALS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
Riva, N., Mora, G., Sorarù, G., Lunetta, C., Ferraro, O. E., Falzone, Y., Leocani, L., Fazio, R., Comola, M., Comi, G., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30406-x · Cited by 104
Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?
Solymosi, K., & Köfalvi, A. (2016) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557516666161004162133 · Cited by 93
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Plant Cannabinoids
Cascio, M. G., Pertwee, R. G., & Marini, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54564-6_9 · Cited by 94
Immunoregulatory Role of Cannabinoids during Infectious Disease
Hernández‐Cervantes, R., Méndez‐Díaz, M., Prospero-Garcia, O. E., & Morales‐Montor, J. (2017) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000481824 · Cited by 86
An efficient RNA-seq-based segregation analysis identifies the sex chromosomes of Cannabis sativaPreprint
Prentout, D., Разумова, О. В., Rhoné, B., Badouin, H., Henri, H., Feng, C., Käfer, J., Karlov, G. I., & Marais, G. A. B. (2020) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.251207.119 · Cited by 77
“Marijuana, which is used in folk medicine, as a recreational drug, and lately in conventional medicine (Alexander 2016), has a narcotic effect owing to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids produced in high concentration by some C. sativa cultivars.”
Background
Extraction techniques for bioactive compounds of cannabis
Martinez, A. S., Lanaridi, O., Stágel, K., Halbwirth, H., Schnürch, M., & Bica, K. (2023) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d2np00059h · Cited by 87
Distinct roles of neuronal and microglial CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the mouse hippocampus
Li, Y., & Kim, J. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.053 · Cited by 78
Regulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic systems by cannabinoids: relevance to cannabinoid-induced effects
Mendiguren, A., Aostri, E., & Pineda, J. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.029 · Cited by 68
“Therefore, over the last years, this system has been proposed as an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, obesity, chronic pain and neurodegenerative diseases [2,133].”
FABP1: A Novel Hepatic Endocannabinoid and Cannabinoid Binding Protein
Huang, H., McIntosh, A. L., Martin, G. G., Landrock, D., Chung, S., Landrock, K. K., Dangott, L. J., Li, S., Kier, A. B., & Schroeder, F. (2016) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00446 · Cited by 64
Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.: A New Tool Based on HPLC–DAD–MS/MS for a Rational Use in Medicinal Chemistry
Protti, M., Brighenti, V., Battaglia, M. R., Anceschi, L., Pellati, F., & Mercolini, L. (2019) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00571 · Cited by 61
Real world experience of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the treatment of spasticity using tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD)
Meyer, T., Funke, A., Münch, C., Kettemann, D., Maier, A., Walter, B., Thomas, A., & Spittel, S. (2019) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1443-y · Cited by 61
“Cannabinoids are increasingly recognised as a treatment option in neuropathic and nonneuropathic pain [29, 30].”
Background
Spicing Up Pharmacology: A Review of Synthetic Cannabinoids From Structure to Adverse Events
Davidson, C., Opacka‐Juffry, J., Arévalo‐Martín, Á., García‐Ovejero, D., Molina‐Holgado, E., & Molina‐Holgado, F. (2017) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2017.05.001 · Cited by 55
Efficacy and safety of nabiximols cannabinoid medicine for paediatric spasticity in cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial
Fairhurst, C., Kumar, R., Checketts, D., Tayo, B., & Turner, S. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14548 · Cited by 53
“Cannabinoids have been used medicinally for thousands of years.(1) The ability of plant-based cannabinoids to manage spasms was discovered by a variety of cultures around the world to treat conditions such as tetanus.”
BackgroundInfluential
Receptors and Channels Possibly Mediating the Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Seizures and Epilepsy
Senn, L., Cannazza, G., & Biagini, G. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13080174 · Cited by 55
“It is furthermore observed that CBD, as THC, shows high anti-inflammatory [44], antioxidant, and anticonvulsant activity [45,46].”
Background
Cannabidiol: Bridge between Antioxidant Effect, Cellular Protection, and Cognitive and Physical Performance
Jîtcă, G., Ősz, B. E., Vari, C.-E., Rusz, C.-M., Tero-Vescan, A., & Puşcaş, A. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12020485 · Cited by 58
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications
de Aguiar, A. C., Vardanega, R., Viganó, J., & Silva, E. K. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28093849 · Cited by 51
“However, other studies consider that there is substantial evidence to support that cannabis is effective in treating epilepsy [1,8,16,20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia
Berger, A. A., Keefe, J., Winnick, A. A., Gilbert, E., Eskander, J. P., Yazdi, C., Kaye, A. D., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2020) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.010 · Cited by 57
Effect of Colonization of Trichoderma harzianum on Growth Development and CBD Content of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Kakabouki, I. P., Tataridas, A., Mavroeidis, A., Kousta, A., Karydogianni, S., Ζisi, C., Kouneli, V., Konstantinou, A., Folina, A., Konstantas, A., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030518 · Cited by 51
“Besides the aforementioned uses of hemp, there is currently a rising trend for medicinal hemp compounds in the pharmaceutical industry [12].”
Background
Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes
Kong, T. Y., Kim, J., Kim, D. K., & Lee, H. S. (2018) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x · Cited by 50
Endocannabinoid signaling in brain diseases: Emerging relevance of glial cells
Bernal‐Chico, A., Tepavčević, V., Manterola, A., Utrilla, C. L., Matute, C., & Mato, S. (2022) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24172 · Cited by 50
“mented across the globe for centuries (Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Chromenopyrazole, a Versatile Cannabinoid Scaffold with in Vivo Activity in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Morales, P., Gómez‐Cañas, M., Navarro, G., Hurst, D. P., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., Lagartera, L., Pazos, R., Goya, P., Reggio, P. H., Guaza, C., et al. (2016) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00397 · Cited by 48
Cannabidiol-based natural health products for companion animals: Recent advances in the management of anxiety, pain, and inflammation
Yu, C. H. J., & Rupasinghe, H. P. V. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.001 · Cited by 62
Marijuana’s Influence on Pain Scores, Initial Weight Loss, and Other Bariatric Surgical Outcomes
Bauer, F. L., Donahoo, W. T., Hollis, H. W., Tsai, A. G., Pottorf, B. J., Johnson, J. M., Silveira, L. J., & Husain, F. A. (2018) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/18-002 · Cited by 46
Evaluation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in wild and cultivated Cannabis
Guo, R., Guo, H., Zhang, Q., Guo, M., Xu, Y., Zeng, M., Lv, P., Chen, X., & Yang, M. (2018) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2018.1506253 · Cited by 46
Development of a new method for the analysis of cannabinoids in honey by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry detection
Brighenti, V., Licata, M., Pedrazzi, T., Maran, D., Bertelli, D., Pellati, F., & Benvenuti, S. (2019) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.034 · Cited by 46
Anti-fatigue activity of hemp leaves water extract and the related biochemical changes in mice
Zhu, J., Yi, J., Kang, Q., Huang, J., Cui, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Zheng, Z., Lu, J., et al. (2021) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112054 · Cited by 45
Cannabinoid ligands, receptors and enzymes: Pharmacological tools and therapeutic potential
Hourani, W., & Alexander, S. P. H. (2018) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212818783908 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Cannabinoids Reduce Inflammation but Inhibit Lymphocyte Recovery in Murine Models of Bone Marrow Transplantation
Khuja, I., Yekhtin, Z., Or, R., & Almogi‐Hazan, O. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20030668 · Cited by 47
“While cannabis is not registered as a drug or a medical product, the potential of cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of various conditions [1] has led many countries around the world to authorize the clinical use of such treatments.”
Background
FABP1 controls hepatic transport and biotransformation of Δ9-THC
Elmes, M. W., Prentis, L. E., McGoldrick, L. L., Giuliano, C. J., Sweeney, J., Joseph, O. M., Che, J., Carbonetti, G., Studholme, K. M., Deutsch, D. G., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44108-3 · Cited by 37
Use of Cannabinoids for Spasticity and Pain Management in MS
Chohan, H., Greenfield, A. L., Yadav, V., & Graves, J. S. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-015-0385-y · Cited by 36
The Potential of Cannabichromene (CBC) as a Therapeutic Agent
Sepúlveda, D. E., Vrana, K. E., Kellogg, J. J., Bisanz, J. E., Desai, D. H., Graziane, N., & Raup‐Konsavage, W. M. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002166 · Cited by 36
“Additionally, pain is a major issue for which patients report using medical cannabis and cannabis extracts (Alexander, 2016; Aviram and Samuelly-Leichtag, 2017; Legare et al., 2022).”
Development of extraction technique and GC/FID method for the analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. spp. santicha (hemp)
Baranauskaitė, J., Marksa, M., Іванаускас, Л., Vitkevičius, K., Liaudanskas, M., Skyrius, V., & Baranauskas, A. (2020) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.2915 · Cited by 34
Cannabis for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: What is the patients’ view?
Lacroix, C., Guilhaumou, R., Micallef, J., Bruneteau, G., Desnuelle, C., & Blin, O. J. (2023) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.018 · Cited by 33
Exploring targets and therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current insights into dietary interventions
Ngo, S. T., Mi, J. D., Henderson, R. D., McCombe, P., & Steyn, F. J. (2017) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s120607 · Cited by 31
“49,50 We limit the discussion to advances in the use of cannabis and cannabis-derived factors in treating symptoms associated with ALS, including appetite and spasticity.”
Background
The Cerebellum, THC, and Cannabis Addiction: Findings from Animal and Human Studies
Moreno-Rius, J. (2019) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0993-7 · Cited by 31
Receptome: Interactions between three pain-related receptors or the “Triumvirate” of cannabinoid, opioid and TRPV1 receptors
Zádor, F., & Wollemann, M. (2015) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.015 · Cited by 30
Cannabis roots: Pharmacological and toxicological studies in mice
Lima, K. S. B., Silva, M. E. G. D. C., Araújo, T. C. D. L., Silva, C. P. D. F., dos Santos, B. L., Ribeiro, L. A. D. A., Menezes, P. M. N., Silva, M. G., de Lavor, É. M., Silva, F. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.113868 · Cited by 31
Combined ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide based dynamic extraction of six cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.
Kornpointner, C., Sainz Martinez, A., Schnürch, M., Halbwirth, H., & Bica-Schröder, K. (2021) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1gc03516a · Cited by 28
The Influence of Hemp Extract in Combination with Ginger on the Metabolic Activity of Metastatic Cells and Microorganisms
Makoter, T. Ž., Leitgeb, M., Golle, A., Dariš, B., Knez, Ž., & Hrnčič, M. K. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25214992 · Cited by 29
Receptor mechanisms underlying the CNS effects of cannabinoids: CB1 receptor and beyond
Hempel, B. J., & Xi, Z. (2022) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.006 · Cited by 29
The Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 Elicits Death in Human Cancer Cell Lines
Müller, L., Radtke, A., Decker, J., Koch, M., & Belge, G. (2017) · Anticancer Research · doi:10.21873/anticanres.12086 · Cited by 27
Two Janus Cannabinoids That Are Both CB2 Agonists and CB1 Antagonists
Dhopeshwarkar, A., Murataeva, N., Makriyannis, A., Straiker, A. J., & Mackie, K. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.116.236539 · Cited by 26
“Cannabinoids have since been implicated in several major physiologic processes (Corcoran et al., 2015; Di Marzo et al., 2015; Alexander, 2016) and cannabinoid receptors remain a promising pharmacological target.”
Background
Role of Caryophyllane Sesquiterpenes in the Entourage Effect of Felina 32 Hemp Inflorescence Phytocomplex in Triple Negative MDA-MB-468 Breast Cancer Cells
Giacomo, S. D., Mariano, A., Gullì, M., Fraschetti, C., Vitalone, A., Filippi, A., Mannina, L., d’Abusco, A. S., & Sotto, A. D. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26216688 · Cited by 24
“In line with the growing pharmacological interest in industrial hemp as the source of bioactive compounds and phytocomplex [2,3,6,10,13], in the present study, the in vitro anticancer properties of the organic FOJ and FOS extracts from Felina 32 inflorescences, collected in June and September, respectively, and the po…”
Background
The endocannabinoid system, a new gatekeeper in the pharmacology of human hepatocellular carcinoma
Ebrahimi, N., Far, N. P., Fakhr, S. S., Faghihkhorasani, F., Miraghel, S. A., Chaleshtori, S. R., Rezaei‐Tazangi, F., Beiranvand, S., Baziyar, P., Manavi, M. S., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.115914 · Cited by 24
Effect of saline irrigation and plant-based biostimulant application on fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth and phytocannabinoid composition
Formisano, C., Fiorentino, N., Mola, I. D., Iaccarino, N., Gargiulo, E., & Chianese, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1293184 · Cited by 23
“Throughout history and even today, the species Cannabis indica L. ( Cannabaceae ) known as cannabis is acknowledged for its effectiveness in treating various medical conditions (Grotenhermen and Müller-Vahl, 2012; Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Neuroprotective Activity of Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)
Corsi, L., Pellati, F., Brighenti, V., Plessi, N., & Benvenuti, S. (2018) · Current Bioactive Compounds · doi:10.2174/1573407214666180809124952 · Cited by 22
A Delightful Trip Along the Pathway of Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Chemistry and Pharmacology
Mechoulam, R. (2022) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-083709 · Cited by 22
Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Angiosperms, Fungi, and Liverworts and Their Versatile Role
Arif, Y., Singh, P., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10071307 · Cited by 19
Herbal medicine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Song, Y., Jia, Q., Guan, X., Sugimoto, K., Liu, J., Duan, W., Feng, L., Zhang, C., & Gao, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.946548 · Cited by 19
“Cannabinoids exert effects on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Anticonvulsive Effects and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD) in the Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Models of Seizures in Infantile Rats
Uttl, L., Hložek, T., Mareš, P., Páleníček, T., & Kubová, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010094 · Cited by 20
Impacts of industrial microwave and infrared drying approaches on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) quality and chemical components
Oduola, A. A., Bruce, R. M., Shafiekhani, S., & Atungulu, G. G. (2022) · Food and Bioproducts Processing · doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2022.10.010 · Cited by 18
Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson’s Disease
Ferreira, C., de Almeida, M. C. M. D., Tenreiro, S., & Quintas, A. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life10060086 · Cited by 19
Anti-depressant effects of ethanol extract from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed in chlorpromazine-induced Drosophila melanogaster depression model
Ahn, Y., Han, S., Kim, M. G., Hong, K., Kim, W. J., Suh, H. J., & Jo, K. (2021) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2021.1949356 · Cited by 18
Effect of Fertilization and Weed Management Practices on Weed Diversity and Hemp Agronomic Performance
Kousta, A., Papastylianou, P. T., Travlos, I. S., Mavroeidis, A., & Kakabouki, I. P. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13041060 · Cited by 17
Association between Nonmedical Marijuana and Pain Reliever Uses among Individuals Aged 50+
Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2017) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1342153 · Cited by 17
“abuse and addiction (Alexander 2016), and its longterm analgesic effectiveness or harm is also not known (Deshpande et al.”
Background
Endocannabinoid-Binding Receptors as Drug Targets
Gómez‐Cañas, M., Rodríguez‐Cueto, C., Satta, V., Hernández-Fisac, I., Navarro, E., & Fernández‐Ruíz, J. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_6 · Cited by 17
Preparation and characterization of full-spectrum cannabis extract loaded poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles: In vitro evaluation of their antitumoral efficacy
Freire, N. F., Feuser, P. E., Ambel, E. T., Cordani, M., Pieri, E. D., Machado‐de‐Ávila, R. A., Zielinski, A. A. F., Sayer, C., de Araújo, P. H. H., Velasco, G., et al. (2022) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130676 · Cited by 17
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulates the proteasome system in the brain
Salgado-Mendialdúa, V., Aguirre‐Plans, J., Güney, E., Reig‐Viader, R., Maldonado, R. J., Bayés, À., Oliva, B., & Ozaita, A. (2018) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.026 · Cited by 14
“In addition, their use in medicinal forms is currently under close scrutiny [3].”
Endocannabinoids in arthritis: current views and perspective
Barrie, N., Kuruppu, V., Manolios, E., Ali, M., Moghaddam, M. J., & Manolios, N. (2017) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13146 · Cited by 15
Cannabidiol is a behavioral modulator in BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism
Shrader, S. H., Mellen, N. M., Cai, J., Barnes, G. N., & Song, Z.-H. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1359810 · Cited by 17
“Cannabis sativa has garnered recent attention for its potential therapeutic applications and is demonstrated to have analgesic, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammation and antitumor properties (Atakan, 2012; McAllister et al., 2015; Alexander, 2016; Rosenberg et al., 2017).”
Background
Elevation of endocannabinoids in the brain by synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018: mechanism and effect on learning and memory
Li, R., Fukumori, R., Takeda, T., Song, Y., Morimoto, S., Kikura‐Hanajiri, R., Yamaguchi, T., Watanabe, K., Aritake, K., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45969-4 · Cited by 13
The Anticancer Activity of Cannabinol (CBN) and Cannabigerol (CBG) on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Kadriya, A., Forbes-Robertson, S., & Falah, M. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29245970 · Cited by 14
“However, clinical research has not fully elucidated the mechanisms of their action and still debates their uses under certain pathological conditions, mainly due to the psychotropic side effects of some cannabinoids [10,12].”
Interaction of sex and cannabis in adult in vivo brain imaging studies: A systematic review
Francis, A. M., Bissonnette, J. N., MacNeil, S. E., Crocker, C. E., Tibbo, P. G., & Fisher, D. J. (2022) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/23982128211073431 · Cited by 10
“, 2013) or neuroprotective (Alexander, 2016; Appendino et al., 2011; Campos et al., 2016; FernándezRuiz et al., 2011; Hartsel et al., 2016; Izzo et al., 2009) to males and females and what neural networks (if any) may be impacted with cannabis use.”
Background
Development of a plant-produced recombinant monoclonal antibody against Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) for immunoassay application
Boonyayothin, W., Kobtrakul, K., Khositanon, P., Vimolmangkang, S., & Phoolcharoen, W. (2022) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00725 · Cited by 12
Imaging Cannabinoid Receptors: A Brief Collection of Covalent and Fluorescent Probes for CB1 and CB2 Receptors
Hamilton, A. J., Payne, A. D., Mocerino, M., & Gunosewoyo, H. (2021) · Australian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1071/ch21007 · Cited by 11
Immunomodulatory effects of a rationally designed peptide mimetic of human IFNβ in EAE model of multiple sclerosis
Poorebrahim, M., Asghari, M., Abazari, M. F., Askari, H., Sadeghi, S., Taheri‐Kafrani, A., Nasr‐Esfahani, M. H., Ghoraeian, P., Aleagha, M. N., Arab, S. S., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.028 · Cited by 9
“Consequently, there are several natural- and synthetic-based treatment strategies which are widely used to alleviate the exacerbations of MS [2, 3].”
Uso medicinal de cannabis: una revisión de la evidencia
Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Cisterna, A., Hernández, V., Miranda, F., Moreno, A., & Alarcón, L. (2019) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082019000200166 · Cited by 10
“…como inflamaciones, espasticidad, epilepsia, trastornos de la alimentación, glaucoma, enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales, y trastornos neurológicos (Ahmed & Katz, 2016; Alexander, 2016; Fife, Moawad, Moschonas, Shepard, & Hammond, 2015; Maida, 2017; Lahat, 2017; Patel, 2016; Peters, 2013).”
Paeoniflorin protects chicken against APEC-induced acute lung injury by affecting the endocannabinoid system and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways
Shen, S., Fu, B., Deng, L., Zhu, G., Shi, H., Tian, G., Han, C., Yi, P., & Peng, L.-Y. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.103866 · Cited by 9
“…and B lymphocytes, which have the highest expression and regulate the function of a wide range of immune cells (Gali (cid:1) egue, et al., 1995; Alexander, 2016), and is a therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of in ﬂ ammatory diseases (Coppola, et al., 2014; Coppola, et al., 2015;…”
Background
A high-throughput segregation analysis identifies the sex chromosomes of Cannabis sativaPreprint
Prentout, D., Разумова, О. В., Rhoné, B., Badouin, H., Henri, H., Feng, C., Käfer, J., Karlov, G. I., & Marais, G. A. B. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/721324 · Cited by 8
“Marijuana, which is used in folk medicine, as a recreational drug, and lately in conventional medicine (Alexander 2016), has a narcotic effect thanks to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids produced in high concentration by some C. sativa cultivars.”
Background
In silico analysis enabling informed design for genome editing in medicinal cannabis; gene families and variant characterisation
Matchett-Oates, L., Braich, S., SPANGENBERG, G. C., Rochfort, S. J., & Cogan, N. O. I. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257413 · Cited by 10
“Reported in vivo effects in human and animal models indicate therapeutic applications in conditions such as multiple sclerosis [10], cancer [11], pain management [12] and epilepsy [13].”
Background
Psychedelics and psychological strengths
Brasher, T. J., Rosen, D., & Spinella, M. (2023) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v13i1.2325 · Cited by 10
Phytochemical Characterization of Cannabis sativa L. Roots from Northeastern Brazil
Neto, J. A., Nery, D. A., Lima, K. S. B., Silva, M. E. G. D. C., Araújo, T. C. D. L., de Souza, N. A. C., Nishimura, R. H. V., Araújo, C. D. S., de Oliveira, A. P., Almeida, J. R. G. D. S., et al. (2023) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202201039 · Cited by 7
Uso medicinal de la marihuana
Hatchondo, M., Pegueroles, L., & Quintana, M. (2017) · SALUD MILITAR · doi:10.35954/sm2017.36.2.4 · Cited by 7
Pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids
Šulcová, A. (2019) · Archives of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.29328/journal.apps.1001013 · Cited by 7
“b) Also the review of results obtained from the “lege artis” clinical studies published in the year 2016 con irmed the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid therapies in: multiple sclerosis and epilepsy; pain and spasticity; nausea and vomiting; eating disorders; glaucoma; epilepsy; stress and anxiety; schizophrenia; c…”
Background
The Influence of an Acute Administration of Cannabidiol or Rivastigmine, Alone and in Combination, on Scopolamine-Provoked Memory Impairment in the Passive Avoidance Test in Mice
Kruk-Słomka, M., Słomka, T., & Biała, G. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17060809 · Cited by 5
Identification and External Validation of a Problem Cannabis Risk Network
Lichenstein, S. D., Kiluk, B. D., Potenza, M. N., Garavan, H., Chaarani, B., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Grigis, A., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.01.022 · Cited by 5
Analgesic Properties of Next-Generation Modulators of Endocannabinoid Signaling: Leveraging Modern Tools for the Development of Novel Therapeutics
Singh, S. J., Ellioff, K. J., Bruchas, M. R., Land, B. B., & Stella, N. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002119 · Cited by 5
Optimization of the supercritical extraction and decarboxylation process of industrial hemp
Makoter, T. Ž., Kotnik, P., Makoter, T., Knez, Ž., & Marevci, M. K. (2024) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2024.103007 · Cited by 5
Natural Hemp-Ginger Extract and Its Biological and Therapeutic Efficacy
Makoter, T. Ž., Bjelić, D., Kotnik, P., Golle, A., Jurgec, S., Potočnik, U., Knez, Ž., Finšgar, M., Krajnc, I., Krajnc, I., et al. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27227694 · Cited by 5
“Cannabinoids, which are the main constituents of hemp extract, have also been reported to have anti-cancerous activity [35,42,43].”
Background
Cultivo y usos etnobotánicos del cañamo (Cannabis Sativa L.) en la ciencia árabe (siglos VIII-XVII)
Cámara, I. L. (2017) · Asclepio · doi:10.3989/asclepio.2017.20 · Cited by 7
Chemical Profiling of Polyphenolic Fraction of Cannabis sativa L. vr. Kompolti Industrial Inflorescences: Insights into Cannabidiol Neuroprotective Effects in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Fantasma, F., D’Urso, G., Martella, N., Capuano, A., Boccia, E., Samukha, V., Felice, V. D., Saviano, G., Trombetta, F., Lauro, G., et al. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14101473 · Cited by 4
“…of cannabinoid receptors recognized as CB1R and CB2R bodily expressed, (ii) two primary ECS ligands named anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG), and (iii) enzymes as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoglyceride lipase (MAGL) that control the release and degradation of ECS [10].”
Uncovering the molecular targets of phytocannabinoids: mechanistic insights from inverse molecular docking fingerprint approaches
Ravnik, V., Jukič, M., Furlan, V., Maver, U., Rožanc, J., & Bren, U. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1611461 · Cited by 4
Cannabinoids, the Endocannabinoid System, and Cognitive Functions: Enemies or Friends?
Kitchigina, V. F. (2021) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-021-01148-5 · Cited by 7
“Hemp (Cannabis sativa) has been used by humans for more than 4000 years; records of its medicinal applications in many diseases have been found in many ancient cultures [Alexander, 2016].”
Background
Recent advances in the development of CB1R selective probes
Amenta, A., Caprioglio, D., Minassi, A., Panza, L., Passarella, D., Fasano, V., & Imperio, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Natural Products · doi:10.3389/fntpr.2023.1196321 · Cited by 4
Pharmacology of Endocannabinoids and Their Receptors
Gupta, G., Hourani, W., Deb, P. K., Deka, S., Borah, P., Tiwari, J., Pathak, S., & Kumar, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3556-7_13 · Cited by 4

Authors: Alexander, S. P. H.
Affiliations: University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Alexander, Stephen P.H.
ORCID: Alexander, Stephen P.H.
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-01
Volume: 64
Pages: 157-166
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001
OpenAlex: W1580068968
Cited by: 149
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6
FWCI: 1.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Nigella sativa pharmacological applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
Keywords: cannabis, cannabinoids, medical cannabis, pain, epilepsy, feeding disorders, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, drug abuse, therapeutic potential
MeSH terms: Animals, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Phytotherapy, Endocannabinoids

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Therapeutic potential of cannabis-related drugs

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks