Cited by 219COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutOccupational Health and Burnout

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Psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals: A systematic review with meta-analysis

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da Silva Neto, Raimundo Monteiro, Benjamim, Cicero Jonas Rodrigues, de Medeiros Carvalho, Poliana Moreira, Neto, Modesto Leite Rolim·2021·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110062PMC PMC7409979

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Abstract

Background Psychological suffering by health professionals may be associated with the uncertainty of a safe workplace. Front-line professionals exposed and involved in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients are more susceptible.Method This review was conducted based on papers that were published at MEDLINE, BMJ, PsycINFO, and LILACS, the according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA).Results Health professionals had a higher level of anxiety (13.0 vs. 8.5%, p < 0.01, OR = 1.6152; 95%CI 1.3283 to 1.9641; p < 0.0001) and depression 12.2 vs. 9.5%; p = 0.04; OR = 1.3246; 95%CI 1.0930 to 1.6053; p = 0.0042), besides somatizations and insomnia compared to professionals from other areas.Conclusion Health professionals, regardless of their age, showed significant levels of mental disorders. We observed a prevalence of anxiety and depression. Insomnia was a risk factor for both.

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Teachers’ emotional well-being during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with long school closures: a large-scale cross-sectional survey in Northern Italy
Keim, R., Pfitscher, G., Leitner, S., Burger, K., Giacomoni, F., & Wiedermann, C. J. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.04.006 · Cited by 22
The Global Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia among Healthcare Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hachesu, V. R., Feli, S. N., Maajani, K., & Golbabaei, F. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology · doi:10.52547/johe.11.1.48 · Cited by 19
Depressão, ansiedade e estresse em profissionais da linha de frente da COVID-19
Cavalcante, F. L. N. F., Negreiros, B., Maia, R. D. S., & Maia, E. M. C. (2022) · Revista Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental · doi:10.19131/rpesm.321 · Cited by 18
COVID-19 information exposure in digital media and implications for employees in the health care sector: findings from an online survey
Bazán, P. R., Neto, R. M. D. A., Dias, J. A., Salvatierra, V. G., Sanches, L. G., Lacerda, S. S., Amaro, E., Kozasa, E. H., & Balardin, J. B. (2020) · Einstein (São Paulo) · doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao6127 · Cited by 19
“Recent metaanalyses suggest health professionals are prone to mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic,(3-5) although the role of information consumption still needs further evaluation.”
Background
Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Psychological Symptoms Among Emergency Physicians During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bahadırlı, S., & Sağaltıcı, E. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2021.20180 · Cited by 18
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on critical care healthcare professionals' work practices and wellbeing: A qualitative study
Elliott, R. M., Crowe, L., Pollock, W., & Hammond, N. E. (2022) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2022.10.001 · Cited by 16
The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Practices and Mental Health of Psychologists in Belgium: Between Exhaustion and Resilience
Glowacz, F., Schmits, É., & Kinard, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114410 · Cited by 16
Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
Alqahtani, I. M., Al-Garni, A. M., Abumelha, M. S., Alsagti, S. A., Alshehri, F. A. D., Alqahtani, A. A., & Alkhidhran, S. S. S. (2023) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1943_22 · Cited by 22
“Previous studies on the general population The previous studies have been conducted on the general population and assessed depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population; however, one of them was conducted only in China,[25] another evaluated the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the fr…”
Background
COVID-19 and mental disorders in healthcare Personnel: A novel framework to develop Personas from an online survey
Tauro, E., Gorini, A., Caglio, C., Gabanelli, P., & Caiani, E. G. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2022.103993 · Cited by 16
“As largely discussed in previous literature, prolonged distress and related psychological symptoms can affect cognitive and technical performance of workers [8] other than triggering pre-existing mental health disturbances [9] or resulting in severe psychological illnesses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD…”
Background
Psychological wellbeing and associated factors among nurses exposed to COVID 19: Findings from a cross sectional study
Hasan, A. A., & Waggas, D. S. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103025 · Cited by 16
Vulnerability to rumours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
Long, V. J. E., Koh, W. S., Saw, Y. E., & Liu, J. C. (2021) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020523 · Cited by 19
“For each rumour, participants indicated whether they: (1) had heard the claim before (yes/no); (2) thought the claim was true (yes/no); or (3) had shared the claim on social media such as Facebook and WhatsApp (yes/ no).”
Background
Professional quality of life and psychopathological symptoms among first-line healthcare workers facing COVID-19 pandemic: an exploratory study in an Italian southern hospital
Varrasi, S., Guerrera, C. S., Platania, G. A., Castellano, S., Pirrone, C., Caponnetto, P., Nicolosi, C., Insanguine, F., Greco, E., Perrone, M., et al. (2023) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.67961 · Cited by 15
Immersive Therapy for Improving Anxiety in Health Professionals of a Regional Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study
Linares-Chamorro, M., Domènech-Oller, N., Jerez‐Roig, J., & Piqué-Buisan, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169793 · Cited by 12
Intolerance of Uncertainty, Job Satisfaction and Work Performance in Turkish Healthcare Professionals: Mediating Role of Psychological Capital
Yıldırım, M., Çağış, Z. G., & Gómez-Salgado, J. C. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2024.1607127 · Cited by 14
“Compared to the general population, healthcare workers have been found to experience higher levels of anxiety, somatization, insomnia, and depressive symptoms [11].”
Background
COVID-19-Related Anxiety and Its Association with Dietary Diversity Score Among Health Care Professionals in Ethiopia: A Web-Based Survey
Alenko, A., Agenagnew, L., Beressa, G., Tesfaye, Y., Woldesenbet, Y. M., & Girma, S. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s305164 · Cited by 14
“Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted between April and May 2020 show about 13% of health care professionals developed anxiety during the COVID19 pandemic.(13) The prevalence of anxiety symptoms among health care workers in China is 46%.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Epidemiology of dog bites to people in Uruguay (2010–2020)
Román, J., Willat, G., Piaggio, J., Correa, M. T., & Damián, J. P. (2023) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.1242 · Cited by 13
“(2021) who found a marked increase in the incidence of dog bites during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effect of Patient Aggression on Healthcare Workers’ Mental Health and Anxiety Mediated by Psychological Well-being during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Hassanie, S., Karadaş, G., Olugbade, O. A., & Saidy, J. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231225553 · Cited by 14
How the occupational balance of healthcare professionals changed in the COVID‐19 pandemic: A mixed design study
Yılmaz, G. G., Yazıcı, G. Z., Temuçin, K., Gürbüz, D. A., & Akı, E. (2021) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12762 · Cited by 13
“**P < .001. et al., 2020), physical fatigue in long-term use of protective equipment, limited resources (Çankaya, 2020), and busy working hours (Nakata et al., 2012) are important factors that affect healthcare professionals’ mental health and psychological well-being (da Silva & Neto, 2020).”
Background
Drawing the COVID-19 pandemic: how do children incorporate the health crisis and its consequences into their everyday thinking?
Mondragón, N. I., Munitis, A. E., Sancho, N. B., & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2066103 · Cited by 16
Multitasking Behavior and Perceptions of Academic Performance in University Business Students in Mexico during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gonz醠es-Gutierrez, V., Álvarez-Risco, A., Estrada‐Merino, A., Anderson-Seminario, M. D. L. M., Mlodzianowska, S., Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S., & Yáñez, J. A. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2022.021176 · Cited by 13
A rapid review of evaluated interventions to inform the development of a resource to support the resilience of care home nurses
Mallon, A., Mitchell, G., Carter, G., McLaughlin, D. F., & Wilson, C. B. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03860-y · Cited by 16
Estimation of the prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses
Rarani, M. A., Aghdash, S. A., Isfahani, H. M., & Mohseni, M. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19729-7 · Cited by 18
A qualitative exploration of the National Academy of medicine model of well‐being and resilience among healthcare workers during COVID‐19
Munn, L. T., Huffman, C., Connor, C. D., Swick, M., Danhauer, S. C., & Gibbs, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15215 · Cited by 12
“In a systematic review that only included prospective studies conducted in both general and healthcare workforces, burnout was significantly related to the development of type II diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal pain, prolonged fatigue and…”
A Cross-Sectional Study of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Symptoms in People in Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic
Lin, C. Y., & Fu, X. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604723 · Cited by 14
Burnout syndrome among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross sectional study in Monastir, Tunisia
Zemni, I., Dhouib, W., Sakly, S., Bennasrallah, C., Gara, A., Kacem, M., Fredj, M. B., Abroug, H., Elbaroudi, A., Bouanène, I., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282318 · Cited by 11
“As various studies [18, 28], we found no difference in the predictors of burnout according to age and sex.”
Background
The association between BIS/BAS and fear of COVID-19 infection among women
Oniszczenko, W. (2021) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.106139 · Cited by 11
“For example, higher levels of anxiety and depression were typically displayed in health professionals (da Silva & Neto, 2021) and in the general Italian population – one of those most affected by COVID-19 (Mazza et al., 2020).”
Background
COVID-19 Pandemic in a Vulnerable Population: Prevalence and Correlates of Anxiety
Shalaby, R., Eboreime, E., Nkire, N., Agyapong, B., Pazderka, H., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Adu, M. K., Mao, W., Owusu, E., Oluwasina, F., et al. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12010013 · Cited by 11
“Higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress have been observed in community members, including healthcare workers [1,2] students [3,4], seniors [5], and patients with health problems including mental health conditions [3], and COVID-19 infection [5].”
Background
The COVID-related mental health load of neonatal healthcare professionals: a multicenter study in Italy
Gagliardi, L., Grumi, S., Gentile, M., Cacciavellani, R., Placidi, G., Vaccaro, A., Maggi, C., Gambi, B., Magi, L., Crespin, L., et al. (2022) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01305-7 · Cited by 11
Harnessing Event Report Data to Identify Diagnostic Error During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Shen, L., Levie, A., Singh, H., Murray, K., & Desai, S. P. (2021) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2021.10.002 · Cited by 11
Psychological Distress in Healthcare Workers between the First and Second COVID-19 Waves: The Role of Personality Traits, Attachment Style, and Metacognitive Functioning as Protective and Vulnerability Factors
Cena, L., Rota, M., Calza, S., JANOS, J. A., Trainini, A., & Stefana, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211843 · Cited by 11
“onset or worsening of mental health issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, rage, denial, somatization, and sleep disturbance [13,14] that may compromise the quality of their care delivery [15,16] as well as their psychological well-being [17].”
Background
Impacto emocional de la pandemia de COVID-19 durante el periodo de confinamiento en España: Factores protectores y factores de riesgo/vulnerabilidad
Sandín, B., Chorot, P., García-Escalera, J., & Valiente, R. M. (2021) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.18.1.29520 · Cited by 17
Emotions, Stress and Coping among Healthcare Workers in a Reproductive Medicine Unit during the First and Second COVID-19 Lockdowns
Paterlini, M., Neri, E., Nicoli, A., Genova, F., Villani, M. T., Santi, S., & Agostini, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105899 · Cited by 10
Mental Health States Experienced by Perinatal Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
Cena, L., Rota, M., Calza, S., Massardi, B., Trainini, A., & Stefana, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126542 · Cited by 11
“As a result, these professionals have developed mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, rage, denial, somatization, insomnia, and burnout [11,12], which could severely affect their work performance (including attention, understanding, and decision-making capability) and, more broadly, their overall well-be…”
Background
Protecting vulnerable communities and health professionals from COVID-19 associated mental health distress: a comprehensive approach led by a public-civil partnership in rural Chiapas, Mexico
Ortega, A. C., Valtierra, E., Rodríguez-Cuevas, F. G., Aranda, Z., Preciado, G., & Mohar, S. (2021) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2021.1997410 · Cited by 12
“the death of their colleagues, ethical concerns in clinical practice and excessive work hours have added to the detrimental effect of the pandemic on the mental wellbeing of these professionals [39,61].”
Background
Anxiety and Coping Stress Strategies in Researchers During COVID-19 Pandemic
Batista, P., Afonso, A., Lopes, M. J., da Fonseca, C. J. V., Oliveira‐Silva, P., Pereira, A., & de Pinho, L. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.850376 · Cited by 15
Healthcare workers’ heterogeneous mental-health responses to prolonging COVID-19 pandemic: a full year of monthly follow up in Finland
Rosenström, T. H., Tuisku, K., Suvisaari, J., Pukkala, ., Junttila, K., Haravuori, H., Elovainio, M. J., Haapa, T., Jylhä, P. J., & Laukkala, T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04389-x · Cited by 16
Which Aspects of Work Safety Satisfaction Are Important to Mental Health of Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland?
Gustavsson, K., Goetz-Kundera, Z., Flaga-Łuczkiewicz, M., & Wichniak, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042870 · Cited by 10
Understanding COVID-19 Impacts on the Health Workforce: AI-Assisted Open-Source Media Content Analysis
Pienkowska, A., Ravaut, M., Mammadova, M., Ang, C., Wang, H., Ong, Q. C., Bojić, I., Qin, V. M., Sumsuzzman, D. M., Ajuebor, O., et al. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53574 · Cited by 9
Impact of anxiety, stress, and burnout symptoms in Brazilian health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic
Salvador, A. P., Jaloto, A. M., Zuanazzi, A. C., Gonçalves, A. P., Machado, G. M., & Carvalho, L. D. F. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/133639 · Cited by 9
“The high levels of anxiety found in our sample, for the COVID-19 health workers group, were also found in investigations in Spain [11], China [13], and Iran [32], in addition to being observed in systematic reviews [17, 18, 19, 20].”
BackgroundResult
Psychological distress during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: Cross-sectional study
Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Adanaqué-Bravo, I., Ortega‐Moreno, M., Allande‐Cussó, R., Arias-Ulloa, C. A., & Ruíz-Frutos, C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257661 · Cited by 10
Brief videoconferencing psychological intervention for reducing COVID-19 related distress: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Keyan, D., Dawson, K. S., Azevado, S., Yadav, S., Tran, J., & Bryant, R. A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10529-x · Cited by 9
Work-related stress amongst health professionals in a pandemic
Leal‐Costa, C., Agea, J. L. D., Ruzafa‐Martínez, M., & Ramos‐Morcillo, A. J. (2021) · Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra · doi:10.23938/assn.0940 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Canadian Medical Delays and Preventive Measures on Breast Cancer Experience: A Silent Battle Masked by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fortin, J., Rivest‐Beauregard, M., Defer, C., Leblanc, M., Louis, L. A. T., Roy, C.-A., Lapierre, I., Brunet, A., Montreuil, M., & Marin, M. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621221097520 · Cited by 9
The impact of COVID-19 upon student radiographers and clinical training in Latin America
Solis-Barquero, S., Valerio, M. P. R., McNulty, J. P., Riquelme-Contreras, P., Ríos, J., González, H., Raza, N. B. O., Ezquerra, V., & Rainford, L. A. (2022) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2022.06.003 · Cited by 9
Risky business: Understanding the association between objective COVID ‐19 occupational risk features and worker subjective risk perceptions
Eby, L. T. D. T., Robertson, M. M., Facteau, D. B., & Anker, J. G. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12431 · Cited by 9
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and previous natural disasters on the mental health of healthcare workers in Puerto Rico
Hernández-Torres, R., Martínez-Lozano, M., Torres, I., Rosario-Hernández, E., Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Soto, A. V., Ortiz, L., Mascayano, F., & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001784 · Cited by 9
“For example, there is an ongoing increased migration of HCWs from the Caribbean archipelago to the mainland US, mainly due to insufficient healthcare infrastructure, severe funding cuts, and poor working conditions [15].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
An umbrella review of the prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: Call to action for post-COVID-19 at the global level
Mohseni, M., Aghdash, S. A., Bashzar, S., Isfahani, H. M., Parnian, E., & Rarani, M. A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21085-5 · Cited by 9
Psychological Status of Frontline Healthcare Professionals at the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan: A Narrative Case Series
Deng, Y., & Yang, J. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2021.21123 · Cited by 8
Experiencia docente con entornos virtuales en psicología del deporte, antes y durante la pandemia Covid-19
Barbosa-Granados, S., Castañeda-Lozano, W., & Reyes-Bossio, M. A. (2021) · Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria · doi:10.19083/ridu.2021.1438 · Cited by 8
“…ansiedad, sensibilidad emocional, baja sensación de bienestar y diversas dificultades relacionadas con la salud mental (Henriksen et al., 2019; da Silva et al., 2021; Urzúa et al., 2020); resultado de la situación de confinamiento y de incertidumbre asociada con un mayor efecto de…”
Background
Predict, prevent and manage moral injuries in Canadian frontline healthcare workers and leaders facing the COVID-19 pandemic: Protocol of a mixed methods study
Gilbert‐Ouimet, M., Harsini, A. Z., Biron, C., Langlois, L., Ménard, C., Lebel, M., Pelletier, J., Duchaine, C. S., Beaulieu, M., & Truchon, M. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100124 · Cited by 13

Authors: da Silva Neto, R. M., Benjamim, C. J. R., de Medeiros Carvalho, P. M., & Neto, M. L. R.
Affiliations: Universidade de Pernambuco (BR)
Universidade Federal do Cariri (BR)
Corresponding author: Neto, Modesto Leite Rolim
ORCID: Benjamim, Cicero Jonas Rodrigues
Neto, Modesto Leite Rolim
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-01
Volume: 104
Pages: 110062
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110062
PMC: PMC7409979
OpenAlex: W3046942365
Cited by: 219
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 65
FWCI: 3.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Suicidology Research Group from Universidade Federal do Ceará
Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, somatization, workplace mental health, frontline workers, risk factors
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Mental Disorders, Health Personnel, Humans, Occupational Diseases, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics

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Psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals: A systematic review with meta-analysis

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