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Cited by 92Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesPetroleum Processing and AnalysisAdvanced Combustion Engine Technologies

Effect of advanced catalysts on tire waste pyrolysis oil

Miandad, R., Barakat, M.A., Rehan, M., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Gardy, J., Nizami, A.S.·2018·Process Safety and Environmental Protection
DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.024
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Abstract

Abstract This study aims to examine the effect of various advanced catalysts on tire waste pyrolysis oil using a small pilot-scale pyrolysis reactor with a capacity of 20 L. The catalytic pyrolysis with activated alumina catalyst produced maximum liquid oil (32 wt.%) followed by activated calcium hydroxide (26 wt.%), natural zeolite (22 wt.%) and synthetic zeolite (20 wt.%) catalysts, whereas liquid oil yield of 40% was obtained without catalyst. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results confirmed the pyrolysis liquid oil produced without catalyst consist of up to 93.3% of mixed aromatic compounds. The use of catalysts decreased the concentration of aromatic compounds in liquid oil down to 60.9% with activated calcium hydroxide, 71.0% with natural zeolite, 84.6% with activated alumina, except for synthetic zeolite producing 93.7% aromatic compounds. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data revealed that the mixture of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds were found in all liquid oil samples, which further confirmed the gas chromatography results. The characteristics of pyrolysis liquid oil had viscosity (1.9 cSt), density (0.9 g/cm3), pour point (–2 °C) and flash point (27 °C), similar to conventional diesel. The liquid oil had higher heating values, key feature of a fuel, in the range of 42–43.5 MJ/kg that is same to conventional diesel (42.7 MJ/kg). However, liquid oil requires post-treatments, including refining and blending with conventional diesel to be used as a transport fuel, source of energy and value-added chemicals.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of tire waste was tested in a 20 L pilot-scale reactor at 450 °C for 75 min. Catalysts generally lowered liquid oil yield but improved oil quality by reducing aromatic content, except synthetic zeolite H-SDUSY, which produced the highest aromatic content.

Key findings

  • Non-catalytic pyrolysis gave the highest liquid oil yield at 40%, with 40% char and 20% gas. Catalytic liquid oil yields were lower: Al2O3 32 wt.%, Ca(OH)2 26 wt.%, natural zeolite 22 wt.%, and synthetic zeolite H-SDUSY 20 wt.%.
  • GC-MS showed non-catalytic oil contained up to 93.3% mixed aromatic compounds. Catalysts reduced total aromatics to 60.9% with Ca(OH)2, 71.0% with natural zeolite, and 84.6% with Al2O3, but synthetic zeolite H-SDUSY produced 93.7% aromatics.
  • Multiple-ring aromatics were formed with Al2O3 (35.5%), natural zeolite (32.5%), and Ca(OH)2 (7.4%); no catalyst and synthetic zeolite H-SDUSY produced 0% multiple-ring aromatics.
  • Liquid oil properties were close to conventional diesel: kinematic viscosity 1.9 cSt, density 0.9 g/cm³, pour point −2 °C, flash point 27 °C, and HHV 42–43.5 MJ/kg. Non-catalytic oil HHV was 42.5 MJ/kg; catalytic HHV values were 42.0 MJ/kg for natural zeolite, 43.5 MJ/kg for H-SDUSY, 43.1 MJ/kg for Al2O3, and 43.0 MJ/kg for Ca(OH)2.

Methods

  • Tire waste from a Jeddah landfill was crushed to 2–3.5 mm granules. Catalysts were natural zeolite from Harrat Shama, synthetic zeolite H-SDUSY, Al2O3, and Ca(OH)2; catalyst-to-feedstock ratio was fixed at 1:10 by weight. Each run used 1000 g tire waste and, for catalytic runs, 100 g catalyst.
  • Pyrolysis used a stainless-steel pilot-scale reactor with 20 L substrate capacity and maximum 600 °C. Reactor was heated at 10 °C/min to 450 °C and held for 75 min. Liquid oil and char were weighed for mass balance; gas yield was calculated by difference.
  • Analytical methods included TGA, proximate analysis by ASTM D3172, GC-MS with HP 7890/5975, FT-IR, bomb calorimeter by ASTM D-240, XRD, and SEM. GC-MS peaks above 3 wt.% were used, with probability-based matching at 90% considered valid.

Limitations

  • The paper states that natural zeolite XRD analysis was qualitative rather than quantitative because some peaks overlapped; quantitative species analysis and zeolite family determination were left for future Rietveld analysis.
  • The paper states that natural zeolite has low BET surface area, pore volume, and low acidity, which affect its catalytic activity, and that modification is required to enhance performance. It also notes that the effect of natural zeolite particle size and morphology on pyrolytic product yields and quality could form a future study.
  • The paper states that pyrolysis experiments were limited to 450 °C for safety considerations even though the reactor could reach 600 °C, which would otherwise improve product yields. It also states that the liquid oil requires post-treatments, including refining and blending with conventional diesel, before use as a transport fuel.
  • Evident from the text: the study used one tire-waste feedstock source, one fixed catalyst-to-feedstock ratio (1:10), and one pilot-scale reactor configuration; GC-MS data excluded compounds below 3 wt.%.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.024

Cites

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Findingown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    The use of Ca(OH)2 catalyst decreased the aromatic compound concentration in liquid oil to 60.9%.

    “down to 60.9% with activated calcium hydroxide”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    The pyrolysis liquid oil produced without catalyst consisted of up to 93.3% mixed aromatic compounds, as confirmed by GC-MS.

    “The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results confirmed the pyrolysis liquid oil produced without catalyst consist of up to 93.3% of mixed aromatic compounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    In catalytic pyrolysis, activated alumina (Al2O3) produced the maximum liquid oil yield (32 wt.%) among the catalysts tested.

    “The catalytic pyrolysis with activated alumina catalyst produced maximum liquid oil (32 wt.%) followed by activated calcium hydroxide (26 wt.%), natural zeolite (22 wt.%) and synthetic zeolite (20 wt.%) catalysts”
    • Also stated in: § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 13 · plain
      “In catalytic pyrolysis processes, maximum liquid oil yield was obtained from the process with Al2O3 (32%) catalyst”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    The pyrolysis liquid oil had a flash point of 27 °C.

    “The characteristics of pyrolysis liquid oil had viscosity (1.9 cSt), density (0.9 g/cm 3 ), pour point (-2 °C) and flash point (27 °C), similar to conventional diesel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    Natural zeolite catalyst produced 22 wt.% liquid oil.

    “natural zeolite (22 wt.%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • May combine two claims. 32
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    Synthetic zeolite (H-SDUSY) catalyst produced 20 wt.% liquid oil.

    “synthetic zeolite (20 wt.%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 11

    The initial decomposition of tire waste started from 248 to 330 °C, showing the presence and loss of some volatiles impurities such as plasticizers, and oil along with some additives.

    “The initial decomposition started from 248 to 330 °C that showed the presence and loss of some volatiles impurities such as plasticizers, and oil along with some additives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    All liquid oil samples from catalytic and non-catalytic tire waste pyrolysis contained a mixture of aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes) and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, confirming the GC-MS results.

    “Overall mixture of aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes) and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds was found in all liquid oil samples, which further confirmed our GC-MS results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.4 Effect of Catalysts on liquid oil quality · p. 14

    The use of catalysts not only decreased the overall aromatic hydrocarbons but also formed multiple ring aromatic compounds, except for synthetic zeolite (H-SDUSY).

    “The use of catalysts not only decreased the overall aromatic hydrocarbons but also formed multiple ring aromatic compounds, except for synthetic zeolite (H-SDUSY).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    The liquid oil produced using Ca(OH)2 catalyst contained only one single aromatic compound, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (53.5%), and one multiple aromatic compound, phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl (7.3%), together with tetracosamethylcyclododecasiloxane (28.6%).

    “The liquid oil produced using Ca(OH)2 catalyst contained only one single aromatic compound of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (53.5%) and one multiple aromatic compound of phenol, 2,2'methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl (7.3%) together with tetracosamethylcyclododecasiloxane (28.6%) (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    Natural zeolite, Al2O3, and Ca(OH)2 catalysts reduced the overall aromatic hydrocarbon content in tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil and formed a mixture of single- and multiple-ring aromatic compounds.

    “The three other catalysts, natural zeolite, Al 2 O3, and Ca(OH)2, not only reduced the overall aromatic hydrocarbon contents in liquid oil but also formed a mixture of single and multiple ring aromatics compounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 3.4 Effect of Catalysts on liquid oil quality · p. 14

    The highest conversion of single to multiple ring aromatics of 45.8% was obtained by natural zeolite catalyst, followed by 42.0% and 12.2% using Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 catalysts respectively.

    “This shows that highest conversion of single to multiple ring aromatics of 45.8% was obtained by natural zeolite catalyst followed by 42.0% and 12.2% using Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 catalysts respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    The liquid oil produced with natural zeolite catalyst contained single-ring aromatics including styrene (14.9%), o-xylene (10.1%), ethylbenzene (5.1%), α-methylstyrene (4.5%), and benzene 1,2,4-trimethyl (3.8%), and multiple-ring aromatics including azulene (10.0%), 1-methylnaphthalene (7.6%), 2-methylnaphthalene (4.7%), 1H-indene (3.6%), phenanthrene (3.3%), and 2-methylindene (3.2%).

    “The oil with natural zeolite catalyst contained single ring aromatic of styrene (14.9%), o-xylene (10.1%), ethylbenzene (5.1%), α -methylstyrene (4.5%), benzene 1,2,4-trimethyl (3.8%) and multiple ring aromatics of azulene (10.0%), naphthalene, 1-methyl (7.6%), naphthalene, 2-methyl (4.7%), 1H-indene (3.6%), phenanthrene (3.3%), 2-methylindene (3.2%) (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 12

    The use of different catalysts overall decreased liquid oil yields with mostly increased yields of char and gasses, except in the case of catalytic pyrolysis using Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 catalysts.

    “Whereas the use of different catalysts overall decreased the liquid oil yields with mostly increased yields of char and gasses, except in the case of catalytic pyrolysis processes using Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 catalysts respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 11

    The smaller spherical natural zeolite particles were in the size range of 50-100 nm, whereas larger irregular shaped particles were around 200-500 nm.

    “The smaller spherical particles were found in size range of 50-100 nm, whereas some larger irregular shaped particles were found in size range of around 200-500 nm (Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 11

    The rapid second stage decomposition of tire waste occurred between 330 to 450 °C, with maximum decomposition achieved at this stage due to rapid decomposition and continuous cracking of primary compounds such as synthetic rubber (SR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR).

    “However, it was followed by rapid second stage decomposition of the tire waste that could be considered as active pyrolysis zone. It occurred between 330 to 450 °C, and maximum decomposition was achieved at this stage that was due to rapid decomposition and continuous cracking of the primary compounds of tire waste such as synthetic rubber (SR), styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Juma et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 17

    The HHV of tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil was 42.5 MJ/kg for non-catalytic pyrolysis and 42.0, 43.5, 43.1, and 43.0 MJ/kg for catalytic pyrolysis with natural zeolite, synthetic zeolite (H-SDUSY), Al2O3, and Ca(OH)2, respectively.

    “The HHV of liquid oil from non-catalytic pyrolysis was found to be 42.5 MJ/kg, whereas the HHV from catalytic pyrolysis were found to be 42.0, 43.5, 43.1 and 43.0 MJ/kg by using natural zeolite, zeolite (H-SDUSY), Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 catalysts respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    Al2O3, natural zeolite, and Ca(OH)2 catalysts formed multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid oil at 35.5%, 32.5%, and 7.4%, respectively.

    “Moreover Al2O3, natural zeolite and Ca(OH)2 catalysts formed multiple ring aromatic hydrocarbons compounds in liquid oil in significant amounts of 35.5, 32.5 and 7.4% respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    The use of catalysts decreased the aromatic compound concentration in tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil to 60.9% with Ca(OH)2, 71.0% with natural zeolite, and 84.6% with Al2O3, except for synthetic zeolite (H-SDUSY) which produced oil with 93.7% aromatic compounds.

    “The use of catalysts decreased the concentration of aromatic compounds in liquid oil down to 60.9% with Ca(OH)2, 71.0% with natural zeolite, 84.6% with Al2O3, except for synthetic zeolite (H-SDUSY) catalyst that produced liquid oil consisted of 93.7% aromatic compounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    Natural zeolite has low BET surface area, pore volume, and low acidity, which affect its catalytic activities.

    “However, its low BET surface area, pore volume, and low acidity affect its catalytic activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    The physical characteristics of tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil-HHV (42-43.5 MJ/kg), kinematic viscosity (1.9 cSt), density (0.9 g/cm3), pour point (−2 °C), and flash point (27 °C)-were close to the standard values of conventional diesel.

    “Furthermore, the values for the physical characteristics of pyrolysis liquid oil such as HHV (42-43.5 MJ/kg), kinematic viscosity (1.9 cSt), density (0.9 g/cm 3 ), pour point (-2 °C), and flash point (27 °C) were found close to the standard values of the conventional diesel.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    Natural zeolite catalyst showed significant results for the conversion of tire waste.

    “Natural zeolite catalyst showed significant results for the conversion of tire waste.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    The produced tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil had a kinematic viscosity of 1.9 cSt, in close agreement with other reported studies.

    “The produced liquid oil had a kinematic viscosity of 1.9 cSt that is in close agreement with other reported studies (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    The produced tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil had a freezing point of −5 °C and a pour point of −2 °C.

    “The produced liquid oil had a freezing point (-5 °C) and pour point (-2 °C).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Highlights · p. 4

    The viscosity, density, pour point, and flash point of the pyrolysis liquid oil are similar to those of conventional diesel.

    “similar to conventional diesel.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 11

    The XRD analysis of natural zeolite was qualitative instead of quantitative because some obtained peaks were overlapping.

    “Some of the obtained peaks were overlapping, revealing possible combinations of compounds, hence the analysis is qualitative instead of quantitative (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 13

    The use of zeolite catalysts for tire waste pyrolysis yielded lower liquid oil with higher gasses and char production due to their higher surface activity and large pore size.

    “However, use of zeolite catalysts for tire waste pyrolysis yielded lower liquid oil with higher gasses and char production due to their higher surface activity and large pore size (Williams and Brindle, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams and Brindle, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    Freezing point and pour point are essential characteristics of any fuel.

    “Cold flow properties that include freezing and pour point are one of the essential characteristics of any fuel (Gardy et al., 2015, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gardy et al., 2015, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 13

    High deposition of char on the surface of the Ca(OH)2 catalyst was due to its low surface area, less acidic nature and macro-porous structure that enhanced the deposition of char and reduced the catalytic activity of the catalyst.

    “High deposition of char on the surface of the catalyst was due to its low surface area, less acidic nature and macro-porous structure that enhanced the deposition of char and reduced the catalytic activity of the catalyst.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    Islam et al. (2010) reported similar results for the liquid oil produced from catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of tire waste.

    “Islam et al. (2010) reported the similar results for the liquid oil produced from catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of tire waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Islam et al. (2010)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 10

    Differences in proximate analysis results affect the products yield of pyrolysis process.

    “The differences in the proximate analysis results affect the products yield of pyrolysis process (Martínez et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Martínez et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    İlkılıç and Aydın (2011) carried out pyrolysis of tire waste with Ca(OH)2 and reported similar results.

    “İlkılıç and Aydın. (2011) carried out pyrolysis of tire waste with Ca(OH)2 and reported similar results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites İlkılıç and Aydın. (2011)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    Catalytic pyrolysis of tire waste with Al2O3 produces a high concentration of polar hydrocarbons and a lower concentration of aliphatic compounds.

    “Catalytic pyrolysis with Al2O3 produced a high concentration of polar hydrocarbons with less concentration of aliphatic compounds (Shah et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shah et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 12

    Natural zeolite had no weight loss up to 900 °C, proving its high thermal stability.

    “Moreover, our previous TGA study also showed that natural zeolite didn't have any weight loss up to a very high temperature of 900 °C that proves its high stability at maximum temperature.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nizami et al., 2016a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 11

    All pyrolysis experiments were carried out at 450 °C due to safety considerations, even though the pilot-scale reactor could achieve a maximum temperature of 600 °C that would otherwise improve the products yield.

    “All the pyrolysis experiments were carried out at 450°C in this study due to safety considerations, even though the pilot-scale pyrolysis reactor employed could achieve a maximum temperature of 600 °C that would otherwise improve the products yield.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 15

    Use of Ca(OH)2 in tire waste pyrolysis improved oil quality and decreased sulfur concentration.

    “Moreover, use of Ca(OH)2 improved the oil quality and decreased the concentration of sulfur (İlkılıç and Aydın , 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites İlkılıç and Aydın , 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 10

    The proximate analysis results were in close agreement with other studies.

    “These results were in close agreement with other studies, which reported volatile matter ranging from 63-76.1%, fixed carbon 19.4-32%, ash 4.2-5.4% and moisture 0.3-1.4% (Table 2) (Choi et al., 2016; Naim et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Ucar et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Choi et al., 2016 source

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    • cites Naim et al., 2016

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    • cites Li et al., 2016

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 17

    The higher HHV of liquid oil from synthetic catalysts compared with natural zeolite indicates that synthetic catalysts produce more refined products, due to their higher purity, surface area, and pore volume.

    “This indicates the synthetic catalysts results in more refined products than the natural zeolite due to their much higher purity, surface area, and pore volume.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    With use of these activating agents, a rigid matrix is promoted by cross-linking reactions that resulted in further carbonization.

    “With the use of these activating agents, a rigid matrix is promoted by cross-linking reactions that resulted in further carbonization (Teng et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Teng et al., 1998 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    Activation of char can be carried out by physical or chemical methods.

    “Activation of char can be carried out by physical or chemical methods (Antoniou et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Antoniou et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    Chemical activation with nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium persulfate increased porosity in the mesoporous region with higher burn-off, and HNO3 showed much higher mesoporous value along with some micro-porosity.

    “Furthermore, chemical activation with nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen peroxide and ammonium persulfate were carried out by Heras et al. (2014). Chemical oxidation increased the higher porosity in the mesoporous region with a higher burn-off in the material. However, HNO3 showed much higher mesoporous value along with some micro-porosity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heras et al. (2014) source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    Ali et al. (2014) reported that tire waste liquid oil distilled with water and Fe catalyst had a kinematic viscosity of 0.9 cSt.

    “Ali et al. (2014) reported that the produced liquid oil of tire waste distilled with water and Fe catalyst had a kinematic viscosity of 0.9 cSt.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ali et al. (2014)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    Conventional diesel has a kinematic viscosity range between 2.0 and 5.0 cSt.

    “The conventional diesel has a kinematic viscosity has a range between 2.0-5.0 cSt (Syamsiro et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Syamsiro et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    Some studies reported higher kinematic viscosities for tire waste pyrolysis oil: 2.9 cSt (Frigo et al., 2014) and 5.3 cSt (Pradhan and Singh, 2011).

    “However, some studies reported higher values such as Frigo et al. (2014) who reported 2.9 cSt, while Pradhan and Singh (2011) reported 5.3 cSt.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Frigo et al. (2014) source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pradhan and Singh (2011)

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    The pyrolysis of tire waste can be used as an alternative waste management solution.

    “The pyrolysis of tire waste can be used as an alternative waste management solution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 17

    The flash point of any liquid fuel is beneficial for its storage and energy applications.

    “The flash point of any liquid fuel is beneficial for its storage and energy applications (Miandad et al., 2016b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Miandad et al., 2016b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    The produced tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil has the potential to be used as an alternative source of energy and as a transport fuel after cleaning and post-treatments.

    “Thus, the produced liquid oil has the potential to be used as an alternative source of energy and as a transport fuel, after cleaning and post-treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    Islam et al. (2010) reported a similar pour point (−4 °C) for tire waste liquid oil.

    “Islam et al. (2010) also reported similar value (-4 °C) for pour point of the tire waste liquid oil.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Islam et al. (2010)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3.6 Future work · p. 19

    Pyrolysis is an efficient process to convert tire waste into liquid oil and other value-added products.

    “Pyrolysis is an efficient process to convert the tire waste into liquid oil and other value added products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    In chemical activation, char is impregnated with a dehydrated activating agent such as KOH and H3PO4.

    “However, in chemical activation, char was impregnated with a dehydrated activating agent such as KOH, and H3PO4 (Antoniou et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Antoniou et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 17

    The flash point of conventional diesel is higher (−55 to −60 °C) than that of tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil.

    “The flash point of conventional diesel is higher (-55 to -60 °C) than pyrolysis liquid oil (Syamsiro et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Syamsiro et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 17

    The flash point of tire waste pyrolysis liquid oil can be improved by distillation, refining, or blending with diesel.

    “The flash point of pyrolysis liquid oil can be further improved by further distillation and refining the oil as well as with blending it with diesel (Islam, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Islam, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    Physical activation of char can be achieved by partial gasification using steam and CO2 as activating agents.

    “Physical activation can be achieved via partial gasification by using steam and CO 2 as the activating agents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mui et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 16

    High viscosity of liquid fuel leads to reduced flow in cold weather and can cause problems in fuel injection and engine start-up.

    “Furthermore, high viscous oil leads to reduced flow especially during the winter season with the fall of temperature. This may create problems in fuel injection in engine startup and vehicle running (Miandad et al., 2016b, 2017b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Miandad et al., 2016b, 2017b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    Steam activation is carried out at high temperature (>900 °C) with long residence time, while CO2 activation is performed at low temperature (800 °C) with shorter residence time (2-3 hr).

    “Steam activation is carried out at high temperature (> 900 °C) with long residence time while, CO2 activation is performed at low temperature (800 °C) with a shorter residence time (2-3 hr) (Mui et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mui et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT · p. 18

    Char is a by-product of tire pyrolysis that has potential for use in several environmental applications.

    “Char is a by-product of pyrolysis that has potential to be used in several environmental applications (Miandad et al., 2016b; Esfandiari et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Miandad et al., 2016b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Esfandiari et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

51 of 51

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Conventional diesel has a higher heating value of 42.7 MJ/kg.

    “same to conventional diesel (42.7 MJ/kg)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No comparative study has been published on comparing the effect of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis for tire waste using natural zeolite and other synthetic catalysts in a pilot-scale reactor.

    “Furthermore, no comparative study has been published on comparing the effect of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis for the tire waste using natural zeolite and other synthetic catalysts in a pilot-scale reactor, as employed in this study.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Lower pour and freezing points improve fuel performance, especially in cold weather.

    “The lower the pour and freezing point values the better the fuel will function, especially in cold weather.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The use of synthetic catalysts may increase the cost of tire waste pyrolysis.

    “The use of synthetic catalysts may increase the cost of the pyrolysis process.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Catalysts in waste tire pyrolysis lower activation energy, potentially enabling lower process temperatures and shorter residence times, and influence product selectivity toward shorter-chain molecules and heteroatom removal, improving oil yield and quality.

    “Catalysts in waste tire pyrolysis play a crucial role by lowering activation energy, potentially enabling lower process temperatures and shorter residence times, and influencing product selectivity towards more valuable shorter-chain molecules and facilitating heteroatom removal, thus improving pyrolytic oil yield and quality [345].”

    From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [345]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Diesel flash point is reported with opposite signs

    Minor

    The text gives the conventional diesel flash point as −55 to −60 °C and calls it higher than the oil's 27 °C. Table 4 instead reports the conventional diesel flash point as greater than 55 °C.

  • GC-MS table includes compounds below the stated cutoff

    Minor

    The methods say compounds below 3 wt.% were ignored, but the displayed GC-MS results include a peak with an area of 2.9.

2 of 2

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 70 · Cited by 92

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Roy, 1995, Physicochemical properties of carbon black from vacuum pyrolysis of used tires, Plast. Rub. Compos. Proc., 23, 21

Authors
Miandad, R., Barakat, M. A., Rehan, M., Aburiazaiza, A. S., Gardy, J., & Nizami, A. S.
Affiliations
  • King Abdulaziz University (SA)
  • University of Leeds (GB)
Corresponding author
Nizami, A.S.
ORCID
Venue
Process Safety and Environmental Protection
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-05
Volume
116
Pages
542-552
ISSN
  • 0263-8762 (ISSN-L)
  • 0957-5820
DOI
10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.024
OpenAlex
W2793553474
Semantic Scholar
437caba7e3decd10be0318cd1eeab3c5a3cac7e6
Cited by
92
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 4
FWCI
4.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Process Safety and Environmental Protection (publishedVersion)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Ministry of Education, Kenya (2/S/1438)
  • King Abdulaziz University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Petroleum Processing and Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
Keywords
catalytic pyrolysis, bio-oil, natural zeolite, synthetic zeolites, aromatic compounds, diesel fuel, calorific value, waste tire recycling

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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