The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale: development and psychometric properties.
Open accessAbstract
The central aim of our study was to widen the mental health response to the COVID-19 pandemic by developing and evaluating a measure that could be used to identify the presence of anxiety syndrome features associated with COVID-19. In Study 1, a community sample of 292 participants completed the newly developed COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS) and results were subjected to a Principal Components Analysis. An 11-item two-factor structure was identified. In Study 2, a community sample of 426 participants completed a battery of questionnaires including the C-19ASS. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed on the C-19ASS. A 9-item two-factor structure was confirmed. Results also indicated that the C-19ASS has acceptable levels of reliability and concurrent validity. The C-19ASS perseveration factor was found to explain an additional 9.3% variance in COVID-19 anxiety, and additional 2.2% variance in work and social adjustment (functional impairment), over and above all other variables. The C-19ASS appears to be a reliable and valid measure of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“some recent studies have explored the role of personality traits during the first lockdown stage, suggesting that vulnerable factors (neuroticism) and protective factors (extraversion and conscientiousness) can predict mental health status [e.g., (14, 15)]”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
lavaan : An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling
Rosseel, Y. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 · Cited by 27,955
Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 · Cited by 9,996
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Third Edition
Byrne, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315757421 · Cited by 4,653
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 · Cited by 4,332 · cited 1×
“The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (Ahorsu et al., 2020) was one the first measures to tap into fear specific to COVID-19.”
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307
Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001 · Cited by 4,244 · cited 2×
“The BFI-10 has demonstrated good reliability and validity across many sample groups (Rammstedt and John, 2007).”
The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or spearman-brown?
Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M. T., & Pelzer, B. (2013) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3 · Cited by 2,695
The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning
Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. M. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.5.461 · Cited by 2,515
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Allington, 2020, The Trusting, the Dissenting and the Frustrated: how the UK is dividing as lockdown is eased, Kings’ College London Policy Institute
- Allington, 2020, The Accepting, the Suffering and the Resisting: the different reactions to life under lockdown, Kings’ College London Policy Institute
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nikčević, A. V., Marino, C., Kolubinski, D. C., Leach, D., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.053 · Cited by 344
Gender and COVID-19 related fear and anxiety: A meta-analysis
Metin, A., Erbiçer, E. S., Şen, S., & Cetinkaya, A. B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.036 · Cited by 154
Impact of COVID-19-Related Fear and Anxiety on Job Attributes
Rajabimajd, N., Alimoradi, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior · doi:10.4103/shb.shb_24_21 · Cited by 99
Khosravani, V., Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S. J., Bastan, F. S., & Ardestani, S. M. S. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100615 · Cited by 79
Social factors and worry associated with COVID-19: Evidence from a large survey in China
Zhou, M., & Guo, W. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113934 · Cited by 70
Metadata
- Authors
- Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Kingston University London (GB)
- London South Bank University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Spada, Marcantonio M.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 292
- Pages
- 113322
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7375349
- OpenAlex
- W3045317058
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 14.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository (Kingston University London) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Open (London South Bank University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- anxiety assessment, scale development, psychometric properties, perseveration, functional disability, work and social adjustment, COVID-19 pandemic mental health, two-factor structure
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Syndrome, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review