The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning
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Background: Patients' perspectives concerning impaired functioning provide important information. Aims: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). Method: Data from two studies were analysed. Reliability analyses included internal scale consistency, test – retest and parallel forms. Convergent and criterion validities were examined with respect to disorder severity. Results: Cronbach's α measure of internal scale consistency ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. Test – retest correlation was 0.73. Interactive voice response administrations of the WSAS gave correlations of 0.81 and 0.86 with clinician interviews. Correlations of WSAS with severity of depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms were 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. The scores were sensitive to patient differences in disorder severity and treatment-related change. Conclusions: The WSAS is a simple, reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning. It is a sensitive and useful outcome measure offering the potential for readily interpretable comparisons across studies and disorders.
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WSAS scores are positively correlated with the grading of depressive symptoms, with mean WSAS scores of 25, 15.5, and 6.5 corresponding to major depression, mild to moderate depression, and subclinical symptoms, respectively.
“In addition, a positive correlation has been found between WSAS and the grading of depressive symptoms [52]: a mean WSAS score of 25 coincides with major depression (measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), a mean score of 15.5 corresponds with mild to moderate depression, and a mean WSAS of 6.5 indicates subclinical symptoms.”
From Measuring the Effect of the Early assessment Team (MEET) for patients referred to outpatient mental health care: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The Scale validity section reports a positive correlation between WSAS and Hamilton depression ratings. Criterion discrimination gives the three mean WSAS scores as 25.0, 15.5 and 6.5, but labels the highest symptom group “moderate to severe,” not “major depression.” Page numbers are not supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor patients with obsessive compulsive disorder or depression, a WSAS total score of 20-40 indicates moderate to severe psychopathology, 10-20 is associated with failure in functional level but not severe symptoms, and less than 10 is not associated with clinical populations.
“For patients with obsessive compulsive disorder or depression, a WSAS total score of 20–40 is reported to indicate moderate to severe psychopathology, a score of 10–20 is associated with failure in functional level but not with severe symptoms, while scores less than 10 are not associated with clinical populations [52].”
From Measuring the Effect of the Early assessment Team (MEET) for patients referred to outpatient mental health care: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Split into 3 atoms — 2 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe WSAS is reliable and valid in typically developing individuals.
“The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) 60 is a five-item self-report measure of impaired functioning that has been found to be reliable (Cronbach ' s α = 0.7 -0.94) and valid in typically developing individuals.”
From Guided self-help for depression in autistic adults: The ADEPT feasibility RCT (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
The Abstract reports Cronbach’s α of 0.70–0.94 and concludes that the WSAS is reliable and valid. However, the Method describes treatment studies involving patients, and “WSAS used with other populations” says its use had been limited to patients with depression, anxiety or alcohol misuse disorders. The paper does not establish reliability and validity in typically developing individuals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe WSAS is a valid and reliable self-report measure of a person's perceived functional impairment attributable to an identified problem.
“The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) is a valid and reliable self-report measure of a person's perceived functional impairment attributable to an identified problem (Mundt et al., 2002), in this case, MS.”
From Neuropsychology intervention for managing invisible symptoms of MS (NIMIS-MS) group: A pilot effectiveness and acceptability study (2024) · cites this paper as Mundt et al., 2002
WSAS has high internal reliability and sensitivity to change.
“The scale has been found to have high internal reliability and sensitivity to change.”
The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) is a simple, reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning that is sensitive to change.
“It has been found to be a simple, reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning that is sensitive to change (Mundt et al. 2002).”
From Brief psychological intervention for distress tolerance in an adult secondary care community mental health service: an evaluation (2020) · cites this paper as Mundt et al. 2002
The WSAS is a five-item self-report measure that assesses functional impairment resulting from a clinical problem from the patient perspective, and it has demonstrated reliability and validity in mental health samples, including OCD.
“This five-item self-report measure assesses functional impairment resulting from a clinical problem from the patient perspective. Scores range from 0 to 40, with lower scores reflecting better functioning. The measure has demonstrated reliability and validity in mental health samples, including OCD [15].”
From Testing the psychometric properties of the illness perceptions questionnaire for OCD (IPQ-O) (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
At 42 weeks, mean WSAS score for the CBT group had reduced very close to the scale threshold for clinical significance (17).
“At the main outcome point, mean scores on each of the primary outcomes for the CBT group had reduced to either below (CSS), or very close to (WSAS) the scale thresholds for clinical significance (11, 17).”
From Cognitive–behavioural therapy for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a proof of concept randomised controlled trial (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
The mean WSAS score at pre-treatment was 13.35, above the clinical threshold, indicating significant impairment.
“Further, the mean score on the WSAS was n = 13.35 which also is above the clinical threshold, indicating significant impairment (Mundt, Marks, Shear, & Greist, 2002).”
From An ACT self-help intervention for adults with a visible difference in appearance: A pilot feasibility and acceptability randomized controlled study. (2023) · cites this paper as Mundt, Marks, Shear, & Greist, 2002
The Work and Social Adjustment (WSA) questionnaire is a simple, reliable, and valid measure of impaired functioning.
“The Work and Social Adjustment (WSA) questionnaire [79] is a simple, reliable, and valid measure of impaired functioning.”
From Low-intensity internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety symptoms in routine care: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [79]
The WSA is a five-item self-report measure that provides an experiential impact of a disorder from the patient's point of view.
“It is a five-item self-report measure that provides an experiential impact of a disorder from the patient’s point of view.”
From Low-intensity internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety symptoms in routine care: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [79]
The WSAS is a simple, reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning.
“The WSAS is a simple, reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning.”
The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) has adequate psychometric properties.
“with adequate psychometric properties [47]”
Although patients in both groups exhibited improvement on these scores at post-treatment and follow-up, the scores remained relatively low in comparison with those in the general healthy population.
“Although patients in both groups exhibited improvement on these scores at post-treatment and follow-up, the scores remained relatively low in comparison with those in the general healthy population [47, 71].”
Quality of life was assessed using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS).
“quality of life was assessed using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (Mundt et al. 2002).”
From A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of an early phase, online, guided augmentation of outpatient care for adults with anorexia nervosa (2020) · cites this paper as Mundt et al. 2002
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- Authors
- Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Healthcare Technology Systems (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mundt, James C.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 461-464
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2096230543
- Semantic Scholar
- bdec1e745f421277c7d27e7bcb707e04a523f9ed
- Cited by
- 2,515
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 221 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 227 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 16.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Work and Social Adjustment Scale, impaired functioning, social adaptation, work functioning, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, validity, depression severity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, patient-reported outcomes, treatment outcome assessment
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Social Adjustment, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome
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