Cited by 895COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutMental Health Treatment and Access

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The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: A rapid systematic review

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Muller, Ashley Elizabeth, Hafstad, Elisabet Vivianne, Himmels, Jan Peter William, Smedslund, Geir, Flottorp, Signe, Stensland, Synne Øien, Stroobants, Stijn, Van de Velde, Stijn, Vist, Gunn Elisabeth·2020·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441PMC PMC7462563

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Abstract

Background: The covid-19 pandemic has heavily burdened, and in some cases overwhelmed, healthcare systems throughout the world. Healthcare workers are not only at heightened risk of infection, but also of adverse mental health outcomes. Identification of organizational, collegial and individual risk and resilience factors impacting the mental health of healthcare workers are needed to inform preparedness planning and sustainable response. Methods: We performed a rapid systematic review to identify, assess and summarize available research on the mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers. On 11 May 2020, we utilized the Norwegian Institute of Public Health's Live map of covid-19 evidence, the visualization of a database of 20,738 screened studies, to identify studies for inclusion. We included studies reporting on any type of mental health outcome in any type of healthcare workers during the pandemic. We described interventions reported by the studies, and narratively summarized mental health-related outcomes, as study heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. We assessed study quality using design-specific instruments. Results: We included 59 studies, reporting on a total of 54,707 healthcare workers. The prevalence of general psychological distress across the studies ranged from 7-97% (median 37%), anxiety 9-90% (median 24%), depression 5-51% (median 21%), and sleeping problems 34-65% (median 37%). Seven studies reported on implementing mental health interventions, and most focused on individual symptom reduction, but none reported on effects of the interventions. In most studies, healthcare workers reported low interest in and use of professional help, and greater reliance on social support and contact with family and friends. Exposure to covid-19 was the most commonly reported correlate of mental health problems, followed by female gender, and worry about infection or about infecting others. Social support correlated with less mental health problems. Discussion: Healthcare workers in a variety of fields, positions, and exposure risks are reporting anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and distress during the covid-19 pandemic, but most studies do not report comparative data on mental health symptoms. before the pandemic. There seems to be a mismatch between risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes among healthcare workers in the current pandemic and their needs and preferences, and the individual psychopathology focus of current interventions. Efforts to help healthcare workers sustain healthy relationships to colleagues, family and friends over time may be paramount to safeguard what is already an important source of support during the prolonged crisis. Expanding interventions' focus to incorporate organizational, collegial and family factors to support healthcare workers responding to the pandemic could improve acceptability and efficacy of interventions. Other: The protocol for this review is available online. No funding was received.

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Association of work ability with job burnout and sleep quality among biosafety laboratory personnel in Xinjiang, China: a cross-sectional study
Ju, K., Wu, R., Yu, J., Ding, L., Xia, M., Liu, J.-W., & Lu, Y.-Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1479257 · Cited by 3
Health workforce resilience in the age of polycrisis: A framework to support health workforce policy and planning
Onvlee, O., Jacobs, E., Tromp, N. B., Bailey, A., & Dieleman, M. A. (2025) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105500 · Cited by 5
Exploring Nurses’ Perceptions of their Workload at Coronavirus Disease 2019 Isolation Ward in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Qualitative Study
Afriani, T., Hariyati, T. S., Yetti, K., & Besral, B. (2022) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.7282 · Cited by 4
“Female nurses are more likely to have mental health problems than other health workers [21], [22].”
Background
Wellbeing and Stress Coping among Healthcare and Pharmacy Workers: Experiences during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Lithuania
Šmigelskas, K., Digrytė-Šertvytienė, L., Argustaitė-Zailskienė, G., Griciūtė, A., Urbonaitė, G., Banienė, I., Stankūnienė, A., & Žemaitienė, N. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10050787 · Cited by 4
“In addition, good practice is already emerging where psychological support is further integrated into the environment of medical staff to care for their mental health or integrated into crisis management across the country [14,45,46].”
BackgroundResult
Alarmerend beeld onder personeel ggz; uitputting, angst- en somberheidsklachten met mogelijk vertrek uit de ggz als gevolg
van den Broek, A. H. S., van Dam, A., Bongers, I. M. B., Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J., Bachrach, N., & de Vroege, L. (2022) · TSG - Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen · doi:10.1007/s12508-022-00353-y · Cited by 5
Primary care provider's job satisfaction and organizational commitment after COVID-19 restrictions ended: A mixed-method study using a mediation model
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“Muller tried to explore the risk factors associated with mental health problems in healthcare workers and found that exposure to patients with COVID-19, being a woman, and worrying about being infected were the most common ones (Muller et al., 2020).”
Background
Development of a customized mask retainer for improving the fit performance of surgical masks
Pan, Y., Xi, Q., Meng, J., Chen, X., & Wu, G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278889 · Cited by 5
“Global healthcare workers were also facing higher risks of infection in their efforts to protect the greater community and are exposed to hazards such as psychological distress and fatigue [18, 19].”
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The association between workload, alcohol use, and alcohol misuse among psychiatrists in China
Li, W., Chen, L., Hsu, M., Mo, D., Xia, L., Min, K., Jiang, F., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Liu, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1171316 · Cited by 5
Evaluating the mental health status, help-seeking behaviors, and coping strategies of Canadian essential workers versus non-essential workers during COVID-19: a longitudinal study
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“Although few studies support these findings (Li et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020), they are mostly inconsistent with extant literature (Muller et al., 2020; see also Bell et al., 2021; Carmassi et al., 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2022; Li et al., 2021) and may be explained by the higher household income…”
BackgroundResult
Helper Syndrome and Pathological Altruism in nurses – a study in times of the COVID-19 pandemic
Maringgele, V., Scherr, M., Aichhorn, W., & Kaiser, A. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1150150 · Cited by 4
The Current Mental Health of Healthcare Workers 3 Years After the Start of the Pandemic: The Relationship Between Coping Strategies and Indices of Mental Health
Serrano‐Ibáñez, E. R., Castelo, A. M. D. L. V., Varela, C., Montero-Matellanes, M. M., & Pulido, A. G. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231207269 · Cited by 5
“%) in this population, a result that was consistent with other studies (e.g., Muller et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2023), founding that this symptomatology had significantly associated with the manifestation of physical symptoms as headache (Chew et al., 2020).”
Result
Social Risk Factors Contributing to Anxiety, Depression and Stress among Indian Healthcare Students during Lockdown
Manjareeka, M., Kanungo, P., Yadav, S., & Das, R. C. (2024) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445280047240108070649 · Cited by 4
A Comprehensive Approach to Addressing the Burnout Crisis Among US Health Care Workers: The Houston Methodist Experience
Bourassa, K. A., Rohr, J. C., Bartek, N., Miller, S. M., Wood, S. C. J., Vasquez, N. N., Head, J., Robert-Ibarra, S. S. S., Moore, K., Marder, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000782 · Cited by 5
Workload Factors Influencing Mental Health and the Intent to Leave Job During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey Analysis of Healthcare Workers Handling Mass Fatalities in the United States
Suresh, V., Nimbarte, A. D., & Choudhury, A. (2024) · Safety · doi:10.3390/safety10040103 · Cited by 8
Wisata Barokah : Alternatif Pembelajaran di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di RA Al-Ikhlas Mantren
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A collaborative and evolving response to the needs of frontline workers, patients and families during the COVID-19 pandemic at Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Province, South Africa
Bröcker, E., Louw, K.-A., Hewett, M., Burger, H., Felix, R. T., Koker, P. D., Rossouw, J., & Seedat, S. (2021) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2021.v111i5.15648 · Cited by 4
“Barriers to help-seeking among healthcare workers have been widely documented and include fear of stigmatisation, a culture of silence, ingrained beliefs that self-care is selfish, work and time pressures, and a ‘trenches mentality’ (a culture of needing to be heroic and reluctance to approach providers who do not und…”
Background
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND SELF-CARE STRATEGIES OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN LATVIA
Bundzena-Ervika, A., Mārtinsone, K., Perepjolkina, V., Ruža, A., Kolesnikova, J., & Rancāns, E. (2021) · SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference · doi:10.17770/sie2021vol7.6258 · Cited by 3
RETRACTED: Health Impact and Psychosocial Perceptions among French Medical Residents during the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Lucas, D., Brient, S., Eveillard, B. M., Gressier, A., Grand, T. L., Pougnet, R., Dewitte, J.-D., & Loddé, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168413 · Cited by 4
“Collective support and a sense of work were now known to have been a preventive factor against the mental health burden during the crisis [2,26,28].”
BackgroundInfluential
Retracted
Effects of Occupational Stress, Self-Efficacy and Mental Health During the Pandemic on Hospital Sanitation Workers in Malaysia
Nawal, A., Shoaib, M., Zámečník, R., & Rehman, A. U. (2022) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787221112079 · Cited by 5
Thoughts of Nurses who Acquired Nosocomial Coronavirus Disease 2019 in an Infectious Disease Ward in the Early Stage of an Outbreak in Japan and Were Able to Return to Work: Focus on the Thoughts They Had Before and after Their Infection Was Diagnosed
Shinkai, N., Ohnishi, K., & Yano, H. (2022) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans.42.72 · Cited by 4
Study of Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health and Wellbeing of Staff Working in a Forensic Mental Health Service
Baker, H., Gill, S. S., Aboaja, A. M., Kole, S., & Perry, A. (2022) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych4040051 · Cited by 4
“A systematic review found similar results worldwide in Italy [5], Spain [6], Norway [7] and Switzerland [8].”
BackgroundResult
No fear: Willingness of smartphone activated first responders to assist with cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ball, J., Mahony, E., Ray, M. J., Nehme, Z., Stub, D. A., & Smith, K. L. (2022) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100341 · Cited by 4
“Those with a clinical background had a median (IQR) of 12 (5, 23) years of experience.”
The Healthcare Relationship during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study in the Emergency Department of an Italian Hospital
Cipolletta, S., Previdi, S., & Martucci, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032072 · Cited by 4
“As pointed out in a recent review [54], these interventions should not only be targeted to prevent or relieve mental health problems at an individual level, but must also act at”
Background
Paradoxical experiences of healthcare workers during COVID-19: a qualitative analysis of anonymous, web-based, audio narratives
Zeman, L. L., Roy, S., Surnis, P. P., Wasserman, J., Duchak, K., Homayouni, R., & Mulhem, E. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health & Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2184034 · Cited by 5
“…reports demonstrate the role that social connectedness can play in buffering against negative sequalae experienced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (Fernández-Castillo et al., 2021; Labrague & De Los Santos, 2020; Nelson et al., 2021; Nitschke et al., 2021; Yıldırım et al., 2021).”
Background
Conceptual Framework for the Psychosocial Support of Nurses Caring for Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19 Infection in North West Province, South Africa
Dikobe, J. M., Moagi, M. M., & Sehularo, L. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065078 · Cited by 4
“(2020) [20] reported that nurses utilised support from family during the COVID-19 pandemic as a major emotional and motivational factor to continue caring for COVID-19 patients.”
Background
The Wellbeing of Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Era in Public Primary Health Facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa
Makhado, G., Ntuli, B., Zungu, L. I., Thovhogi, N., Mphekgwana, P. M., Lebelo, S. L., Madiba, S., & Modjadji, P. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21030372 · Cited by 6
Prevalence and correlates of severe anxiety among front-line nurses during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale multi-center study
Yang, S., Hao, Q., Sun, H., Yang, Y., Liu, J., Li, C., Fu, Y., Yao, C., & Luo, G. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-02718-5 · Cited by 4
“Exposure to COVID-19, female gender, fear of infection or infecting others, and social support with less were identified as the main sources of anxiety experienced by frontline nurses [17].”
As emoções à flor da pele e seus possíveis manejos na pandemia da COVID-19
da Silva, B. S., da Fonseca, P. I. M. N., & da Silva, P. D. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18434 · Cited by 4
Long-Term Care Workers’ Experiences and Their Views About Support During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping ReviewPreprint
Boamah, S. A., Weldrick, R., Havaei, F., Irshad, A., & Hutchinson, A. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0239.v1 · Cited by 4
The prevalence of probable mental health disorders among hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
Lee, B. E. C., Ling, M., Boyd, L., Olsson, C. A., & Sheen, J. A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.22282426 · Cited by 4
Effect of a Smartphone-Based Stress Management Program on Depression and Other Health- and Work-Related Outcomes among Hospital Nurses in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam and Thailand: A Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial of the COCONATS ProjectPreprint
Kawakami, N., Nguyen, H. T. M., Kaewboonchoo, O., Imamura, K., Tran, T. T. T., Boonyamalik, P., Sasaki, N., Sripo, N., Tienthong, T., Asaoka, H., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0450.v1 · Cited by 4
Mental health first aid for health-care workers during crises
Segalovich, J., Levi, G., & Segev, R. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00401-7 · Cited by 4
Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Suicide Prevention Supporters during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ujihara, M., Tachikawa, H., Takahashi, A., Gen, T., & Cho, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064991 · Cited by 3
“Muller found that HCWs reported anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic [20].”
Background
Evaluating Colombia’s Hospital Bed Expansion From 2010 to 2022 Using Interrupted Time Series Analysis During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lesmes, P. A. R., Rua, D. S., & Durán, C. (2025) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329251356558 · Cited by 3
The Role of Burnout in Mental Health Professionals’ Perception of Psychiatric Inpatient Care Quality
Schröder, A., Lundqvist, L., Moen, Ø. L., Skundberg‐Kletthagen, H., & Gonzalez, M. T. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2025.2582820 · Cited by 3
“Globally, a critical issue at present is that health care professionals themselves report psychiatric distress (Muller et al., 2020).”
Prevalence of childhood obesity, its associated risk factors and parental misperception of their child’s actual weight among Saudi children in Yanbu city, Saudi Arabia 2021: A cross-sectional study
Alodainy, W. A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.95248 · Cited by 3
Psychological stress among anesthesia residents during COVID-19 pandemic and how to mitigate them
Ahuja, V., Nair, L. V., Das, S. C., & Sandhu, S. (2022) · Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/joacp.joacp_104_21 · Cited by 3
“[2] Now, with a better understanding of the COVID‐19 and its medical problems, it is very important to identify psychological signs and symptoms and mitigate them at the earliest.[3] In this non‐systematic review, authors have included articles from PubMed, Medline, and Google scholar with keywords “identify strategie…”
Background
Through the eyes of hospital-based healthcare professionals: exploring their lived experience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Mathura, P. V., Li, M., Vegt, J., Penrod, Z., Suranyi, Y., Osborne, C., & Kassam, N. (2022) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2022-001878 · Cited by 5
The circadian preferences in the context of sociodemographic indicators and lifestyle
Manková, D., Novák, J. M., Sedlák, P., & Fárková, E. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2134786 · Cited by 3
“as well as socio-economic variables (Aneja and Ahuja 2021; Muller et al. 2020), we have subjected our data to control measurements after finding the first results.”
Method
Advancing safety in turbulent times: Development and validation of a pandemic safety climate scale
Huang, Y.-H., He, Y., Lee, J., Lytle, B., & Courtney, T. K. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12479 · Cited by 5
Psychiatry Resident Physicians Experience Personal and Professional Grief, Burnout and Depression: Results From a National Survey
Robbins-Welty, G. A., Nakatani, M. M., Song, Y. K., Riordan, P. A., Pieper, C. F., Price, M. J., Scoggins, C., & Galanos, A. N. (2024) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/10499091241256106 · Cited by 3
Stress, Mental Health, Sleep, and Healthy Habits in Spanish Healthcare Professionals Along the Pandemic: A Case-Control, and Follow-Up Study
Moraleda‐Cibrián, M., Palomares-Gonell, I., Albares-Tendero, J., & Chung, S. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0368 · Cited by 3
The Resilience Hub approach for addressing mental health of health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods evaluation
Varese, F., Allsopp, K., Carter, L., Shields, G., Hind, D., Davies, L. M., Barrett, A., Bhutani, G., McGuirk, K., Huntley, F., et al. (2024) · Health and Social Care Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hgqr5133 · Cited by 4
The Barriers to Effective Remote Education, Including Access to Technology, Student Engagement and Teacher Preparedness
Salman, S., Fatima, M., Anees, R. T., & Sylvia, G. R. (2024) · Review of Education Administration and Law · doi:10.47067/real.v7i4.383 · Cited by 5
Development and psychometric validation of the frontline health workers’ occupational risk and characteristics in emergencies index (FORCE-index) – The covid Hospital cohort study
Stensland, S. Ø., Bondjers, K., Zwart, J., Rosseland, L. A., Atar, D., Christensen, J. O., Matre, D., Glad, K. A., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Wøien, H., et al. (2025) · Public Health in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2025.100582 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Impact of a Single Virtual Reality Relaxation Session on Mental-Health Outcomes in Frontline Workers on Duty During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Study
Faria, S., Fonseca, S. M., Marques, A. J., & Queirós, C. M. L. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13121434 · Cited by 8
“…that their well-being was affected by pandemic stressors, only 3.7% sought professional psychological support, which may reflect the reluctance to engage in mental health care, which recent literature attributes to stigma, logistical barriers, or underestimation of personal distress [7,9,124].”
Influential
Barriers and facilitators to implementation of interventions to mitigate moral injury among nurses
Godzik, C. M., DiBenedetto, J. K., Usset, T. J., Stiles, H., Klein, H., Fortuna, K. L., Pepin, R. L., Wright, H., Locke, A., Thomason, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2025.1582700 · Cited by 3
EACTA/SCA Recommendations for the Cardiac Anesthesia Management of Patients With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 Infection: An Expert Consensus From the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists With Endorsement From the Chinese Society of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology
Guarracino, F., Shernan, S. K., Tahan, M. R. E., Bertini, P., Stone, M. E., Kachulis, B., Paternoster, G., Mukherjee, C., Wouters, P. F., & Rex, S. (2021) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2021.02.039 · Cited by 3
Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among U.S. physicians during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic
Gainer, D. M., Nahhas, R. W., Bhatt, N. V., McCormack, J., McMerrill, A., & Sultan, H. (2022) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2022.2028264 · Cited by 3
“Seeking social support has been reported as a common stress-control strategy of healthcare workers to take care of their own mental health (Muller et al. 2020).”
Behavior, social and economic impact of COVID ‐19 responses among healthcare professionals: Development and validation of COVID ‐19 Responses Impact Questionnaire ( COVRiQ )
Okpua, N. C., Hami, R. B., Edeogu, C. O., & Mujar, N. M. M. (2022) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12965 · Cited by 3

Authors: Muller, A. E., Hafstad, E. V., Himmels, J. P. W., Smedslund, G., Flottorp, S., Stensland, S. Ø., Stroobants, S., Van de Velde, S., & Vist, G. E.
Affiliations: Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
Oslo University Hospital (NO)
Corresponding author: Muller, Ashley Elizabeth
ORCID: Muller, Ashley Elizabeth
Hafstad, Elisabet Vivianne
Himmels, Jan Peter William
Smedslund, Geir
Flottorp, Signe
Stensland, Synne Øien
Stroobants, Stijn
Vist, Gunn Elisabeth
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-11
Volume: 293
Pages: 113441
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441
PMC: PMC7462563
OpenAlex: W3081708086
Cited by: 895
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 258 · 2021: 237 · 2020: 12
FWCI: 13.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lirias (submittedVersion, cc-by)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, mental health, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, psychological distress, social support, occupational exposure to COVID-19, gender differences, mental health interventions, help-seeking
MeSH terms: Occupational Stress, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Risk Factors, Social Support, Coronavirus Infections, Internationality, Pandemics

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The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: A rapid systematic review

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