The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown: The young adults most at risk
Open accessAbstract
To control the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have implemented restrictions. This study evaluates psychological distress related to the crisis and identifies predictive factors of anxiety/depression according to age. 2,871 adults were recruited through an online questionnaire during the lockdown. Three subsamples were identified: 18-30; 30-50; > 50 years. The population suffers from anxiety and depression. Young adults adu reported lower levels of living space, occupational activity, social contact and alcohol use, but higher anxiety, depression and uncertainty than older participants. This psychological distress can be explained by lockdown conditions (differently according to age) and by intolerance to uncertainty. Also, youth's alcohol intake has decreased. Deconfinement strategies have been discussed.
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“Previous studies (Beam and Kim, 2020; Glowacz and Schmits, 2020; Houghton et al., 2022) point out that young adults, particularly those between the ages of 18 and 30, have been the group to experience the greatest negative effects during the pandemic”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Glowacz and Schmits, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“several studies showed that young adults were the most at risk of psychological distress in different countries such as India, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iran, and Belgium (e.g., [13,16,30,31]).”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“intolerance to uncertainty is a significant predictor of anxiety and depression [15,16] and, more generally, of negative emotions [8].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“The COVID-19 pandemic, which is an acute global challenge and has been shown to have a major impact on psychological stress levels, e.g., [10,11], also highlights the need for mental health treatments.”
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“The aforementioned negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could be partly explained by the uncertainty inherent to the health situation (e.g., course of the pandemic and length of the disease) [15,16].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“as reminded by Glowacz and Schmits (2020) [16], groups that are different by their age should be comprehended differently.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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“As the influence of age on psychological reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic has been demonstrated (e.g., [16,34]), our study offers a comparison of generations.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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Citations
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3 · Cited by 9,779
Bush, K. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789 · Cited by 6,196
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 · Cited by 5,843
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 · Cited by 3,736
Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562 · Cited by 2,089
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Acuff, S. F., Strickland, J. C., Tucker, J. A., & Murphy, J. G. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000796 · Cited by 222
Schmidt, R. A., Genois, R., Jin, J., Vigo, D., Rehm, J. T., & Rush, B. R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065 · Cited by 178
Do we experience pandemic fatigue? current state, predictors, and prevention
Haktanır, A., Can, N., Seki, T., Kurnaz, M. F., & Dilmaç, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02397-w · Cited by 161
Schmits, É., & Glowacz, F. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00432-8 · Cited by 119
Rodríguez-Fernández, P., González‐Santos, J., Santamaría‐Peláez, M., Cámara, R. S., Sánchez-González, E., & Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126528 · Cited by 97
Metadata
- Authors
- Glowacz, F., & Schmits, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Glowacz, F.
- ORCID
- Glowacz, F.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 293
- Pages
- 113486
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7518205
- OpenAlex
- W3088359950
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 77
- FWCI
- 20.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, young adults, age differences, intolerance of uncertainty, alcohol consumption, social contact, living space, occupational activity, deconfinement, predictive factors
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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