Generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms in various age groups during the COVID-19 lockdown in Poland. Specific predictors and differences in symptoms severity
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BACKGROUND: Previous studies carried out in different countries have indicated that young adults experienced higher levels of emotional distress, in the form of depressive and anxiety symptoms, than older age groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about which pandemic-related difficulties and factors may contribute to these forms of emotional distress in various age groups. PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to investigate: (i) differences in levels of depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms in four age groups in the Polish population during the COVID-19 lockdown; (ii) differences in perceived difficulties related to the pandemic in these groups; and (iii) which factors and difficulties related to the pandemic are the best predictors of generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms in various age groups during the COVID-19 lockdown. METHOD: A total of 1115 participants (aged 18-85) took part in the study. The sample was representative of the Polish population in terms of sex, age, and place of residence. Participants completed the following online: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, a Scale of Perceived Health and Life Risk of COVID-19, a Social Support Scale, and a Scale of Pandemic-Related Difficulties. RESULTS: Younger age groups (18-29 and 30-44) experienced higher levels of depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms than older adults (45-59 and 60-85 years). Household relationship difficulties were among the most significant predictors of depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms in all age groups. Fear and uncertainty related to the spread of the virus was one of the most important predictors of emotional distress in all the groups apart from the adults between 18 and 29 years, whereas difficulties related to external restrictions were one of the most significant predictors of depressive and anxiety symptoms exclusively in the youngest group. CONCLUSIONS: The youngest adults and those experiencing difficulties in relationships among household members are the most vulnerable to depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. It is important to plan preventive and therapeutic interventions to support these at-risk individuals in dealing with the various challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Young adults experienced higher levels of emotional distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms) than older age groups during the COVID-19 lockdown.
“a study comparing different age groups during the COVID-19 lockdown revealed that young adults experienced higher levels of emotional distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms) than older age groups [6].”
From The Role of Pre-Pandemic Mental Health Status and Personality Traits on Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Lockdown among Italian Young Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Results (§5.2) report that adults aged 18–29 had significantly more depressive symptoms than all three older groups and significantly more anxiety than the groups aged 45–59 and 60–85. They do not report significantly higher anxiety than the 30–44 group, so the claim is too broad if it applies both symptoms to every older age group. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Polish version of the GAD-7 has shown high internal consistency.
“The Polish version of the GAD-7 has not been validated yet but has recently been used in various studies to assess anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and shown high internal consistency [59–61].”
The Polish version of the GAD-7 has recently been used in various studies to assess anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.
“The Polish version of the GAD-7 has not been validated yet but has recently been used in various studies to assess anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and shown high internal consistency [59–61].”
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“The Polish version of the GAD-7 has not been validated yet but has recently been used in various studies to assess anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and shown high internal consistency [59–61].”
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Differential Effects of Pandemic-Related Stressors on Mental Health by Age and Sex
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- Authors
- Gambin, M., Sękowski, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., Cudo, A., Hansen, K., Huflejt-Łukasik, M., Kubicka, K., Łyś, A. E., Gorgol, J., Holas, P., Kmita, G., Łojek, E., & Maison, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Warsaw (PL)
- John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Gambin, Małgorzata
- ORCID
- Venue
- Comprehensive Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 105
- Pages
- 152222
- ISSN
- 0010-440X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3115421810
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 14.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Warsaw
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms, age differences, young adults, fear and uncertainty, social support, emotional distress, Poland
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Communicable Disease Control, Depression, Humans, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Poland, Young Adult, Pandemics
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