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Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Cénat, Jude Mary, Blais-Rochette, Camille, Kokou-Kpolou, Cyrille Kossigan, Noorishad, Pari-Gole, Mukunzi, Joana N., McIntee, Sara-Emilie, Dalexis, Rose Darly, Goulet, Marc-André, Labelle, Patrick R.·2021·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113599PMC PMC7689353

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Abstract

Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and Psychological distress (PD) related to COVID-19 among affected populations.Methods We searched articles in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random-effects meta-analyses on the proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and PD were generated and between-group differences for gender, healthcare workers (HCWs), and regions where studies were conducted.Results A total of 2189 articles were screened, 136 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis (N=189,159). The prevalence of depression (k=46) was 15.97% (95%CI, 13.24-19.13). The prevalence of anxiety (k=54) was 15.15% (95%CI, 12.29-18.54). The prevalence of insomnia (k=14) was 23.87% (95%CI, 15.74-34.48). The prevalence of PTSD (k=13) was 21.94% (95%CI, 9.37-43.31). Finally, the prevalence of psychological distress (k=19) was 13.29% (95%CI, 8.80-19.57). Between-group differences were only found in HCWs (z=2.69, p < 0.05) who had a higher prevalence of insomnia than others.Conclusions Findings suggest that the short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 are equally high across affected countries, and across gender. However, reports of insomnia are significantly higher among HCWs than the general population.

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group?
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438 · Cited by 329
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Moccia, 2020, Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population, Brain. Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048 · DOI · Paper page
Pappa, 2020, Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Brain. Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 · DOI · Paper page

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Authors: Cénat, J. M., Blais-Rochette, C., Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Noorishad, P.-G., Mukunzi, J. N., McIntee, S.-E., Dalexis, R. D., Goulet, M.-A., & Labelle, P. R.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Cénat, Jude Mary
ORCID: Cénat, Jude Mary
Blais-Rochette, Camille
Kokou-Kpolou, Cyrille Kossigan
Noorishad, Pari-Gole
McIntee, Sara-Emilie
Dalexis, Rose Darly
Goulet, Marc-André
Labelle, Patrick R.
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-01
Volume: 295
Pages: 113599
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113599
PMC: PMC7689353
OpenAlex: W3108549363
Cited by: 952
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 174
FWCI: 14.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, mental health prevalence, healthcare workers, gender differences, mental health during pandemic
MeSH terms: Psychological Distress, COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Health Personnel, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence

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Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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