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Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and Psychological distress (PD) related to COVID-19 among affected populations.Methods We searched articles in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random-effects meta-analyses on the proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and PD were generated and between-group differences for gender, healthcare workers (HCWs), and regions where studies were conducted.Results A total of 2189 articles were screened, 136 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis (N=189,159). The prevalence of depression (k=46) was 15.97% (95%CI, 13.24-19.13). The prevalence of anxiety (k=54) was 15.15% (95%CI, 12.29-18.54). The prevalence of insomnia (k=14) was 23.87% (95%CI, 15.74-34.48). The prevalence of PTSD (k=13) was 21.94% (95%CI, 9.37-43.31). Finally, the prevalence of psychological distress (k=19) was 13.29% (95%CI, 8.80-19.57). Between-group differences were only found in HCWs (z=2.69, p < 0.05) who had a higher prevalence of insomnia than others.Conclusions Findings suggest that the short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 are equally high across affected countries, and across gender. However, reports of insomnia are significantly higher among HCWs than the general population.
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“Insomnia complaints are two to three times higher during COVID-19 compared to prior years [4].”
From Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Prevalence rates of 20–45% are reported globally for insomnia symptoms during the pandemic.”
From Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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Miori, S., Sanna, A., Lassola, S., Cicolini, E., Zanella, R., Magnoni, S., Rosa, S. D., Bellani, G., & Umbrello, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20085504 · Cited by 15
Zhang, H., Yang, Y., Hao, X., Qin, Y., & Li, K. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.036 · Cited by 15
Entrup, P., Brodsky, L., Trimble, C., Garcia, S. M., Mohamed, N. D., Deaner, M., Martell, J. P., Teater, J. E., Jordan, A., Tetrault, J. M., et al. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01949-9 · Cited by 14
Krygsman, A., Farrell, A. H., Brittain, H. L., & Vaillancourt, T. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102769 · Cited by 15
“I don't have the energy”: Racial stress, young Black motherhood, and Canadian social policies
Goddard‐Durant, S. K., Doucet, A., Tizaa, H., & Sieunarine, J. A. (2023) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.12457 · Cited by 13
Tian, L., Wang, X., Guo, H., Wang, Y., Zhu, T., Tong, Y., Zhao, Y., Sun, P., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129733 · Cited by 13
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Tao, R., Wang, S., Lü, Q., Liu, Y., Xia, L., Mo, D., Geng, F., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Jiang, F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1485726 · Cited by 13
Perceived stress mediates the longitudinal effect of sleep quality on internalizing symptoms
Meng, R., Xu, J., Luo, Y., Mastrotheodoros, S., Jiang, C., Garofalo, C., Mazzeschi, C., Nielsen, T., Fong, D., Dzierzewski, J. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.046 · Cited by 16
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“To that end, developing and implementing adequate prevention and intervention programs at universities should be a top priority in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, both during and after this global crisis (Grubic et al., 2020; Cénat et al., 2021; Rogowska et al., 2021b; Kornilaki, 2022).”
BackgroundLong-Term Neurological Impact of COVID-19
Kumar, J., Makheja, K., Rahul, F., Kumar, S., Kumar, M., Chand, M. T., Kammawal, Y., Khalid, D., Jahangir, M., & Bachani, P. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18131 · Cited by 14
A novel machine learning approach to shorten depression risk assessment for convenient uses
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Deimel, D., Firk, C., Stöver, H., Hees, N., Scherbaum, N., & Fleißner, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912801 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Cénat, J. M., Blais-Rochette, C., Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Noorishad, P.-G., Mukunzi, J. N., McIntee, S.-E., Dalexis, R. D., Goulet, M.-A., & Labelle, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Cénat, Jude Mary
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 295
- Pages
- 113599
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7689353
- OpenAlex
- W3108549363
- Cited by
- 952
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 174
- FWCI
- 14.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, mental health prevalence, healthcare workers, gender differences, mental health during pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Health Personnel, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence
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