The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations
Open accessAbstract
In attempts to understand the social determinants of health, strong associations have been found between measures of loneliness, physiological stress processes, and physical and mental health outcomes. Feelings of loneliness are hypothesized to have implications for physiological stress processes, including activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In a community sample of young adults, multilevel modeling was used to examine whether trait and state feelings of loneliness were related to changes in levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol, and whether the associations between loneliness and cortisol were mediated or moderated by the presence of concurrent depression or high levels of chronic life stress. Results indicated that trait loneliness was associated with a flattening of the diurnal cortisol rhythm. In addition, both daily and momentary state variations in loneliness were related to cortisol. Prior day feelings of loneliness were associated with an increased cortisol awakening response the next morning and momentary experiences of loneliness during the day were associated with momentary increases in cortisol among youth who also had high chronic interpersonal stress. Results were significant after covarying current depression, both chronic and momentary reports of stress, and medical and lifestyle covariates. This study expanded on prior work by investigating and revealing three different time courses of association between loneliness and HPA axis activity in young adults: trait, daily and momentary.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Loneliness affects youth’s diurnal cortisol, a key stress hormone [83, 84], potentially causing chronic increases in cortisol in young adulthood, leading to higher risks of depression, anxiety, inflammation, and other adverse health outcomes [85–87].”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“For example, perceived social support and loneliness have been associated with variation in basal cortisol, which influences immune system, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes implicated in ADRD risk in older adults.39,40”
From Why the cognitive ‘fountain of youth’ may be upstream: pathways to dementia risk and resilience through social connectedness (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“high self-reported loneliness in humans has been associated with elevated daily cortisol output62–66 and a flattening of diurnal cortisol rhythm65, suggesting poor regulation of the HPA axis67.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00108-7 · Cited by 3,638
Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488 · Cited by 2,727
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380
Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068915 · Cited by 1,937
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rokach, 2001, Perceived causes of loneliness in adulthood, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 67
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–341 of 341
Einsamkeit schädigt Gesundheit
Bucher, A. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67022-4_5 · Cited by 1
Leite, R. O., Llabre, M. M., Timpano, K. R., Broos, H. C., & Saab, P. G. (2023) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2023.2245426
Chen, Y., Xue, H., Ai, S., Liu, Y., Nie, Y., Ai, Q. Y. H., Zhang, J., & Liang, Y. Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3410802/v1
Loneliness in the Brain: Distinguishing Between Hypersensitivity and HyperalertnessPreprint
Bathelt, J., Dijk, C., & Otten, M. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/j5v9b
Rodebaugh, T. L., Frumkin, M. R., Bogdan, R., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t9phv
Feng, Z., & Dang, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4882878
Bilibio, J. O. (2024) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2024.tde-13052024-160023
Schizoid Personality, Hikikomori, and Blood Biomarkers: A Focus on Lipidomics and Metabolomics
Hayakawa, K., Setoyama, D., & Kato, T. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_133-1
Psychoneuroimmunology of the Perceived Social Isolation/Loneliness
Vlachos, I. I., Ayres, C., Huber, M., Jacoby, M., Oikonomopoulos, A., Psara, E., & Cambanis, A. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73061-0_13
Chandan, M. S., & Sharma, V. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009391573.011
Davies, A., Kafadar, A. H., & Jones, K. A. (2025) · Cogent Gerontology · doi:10.1080/28324897.2025.2506566
Schizoid Personality, Hikikomori, and Blood Biomarkers: A Focus on Lipidomics and Metabolomics
Hayakawa, K., Setoyama, D., & Kato, T. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73368-0_133
Männistö, S. A., Joki, A., Suojanen, L.-U., Venäläinen, M. S., Pietiläinen, K. H., & Ahola, A. J. (2025) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108430
Biological Pathways Linking Loneliness to Physical Health
Uchino, B. N., Reddy, R. B., Tacana, T., & Smoot, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02959-1_17
Hu, W., Feng, X., Luo, S., Xu, D., Xu, Z., Chen, W., & Guo, V. Y. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120775 · Cited by 2
Kim, J., Sakharkar, A., Hirschberg, J. W., Schanzer, N., Feinstein, Z., LeRoy, E. W., Burke, M., Can, K., Ryon, K. A., Parimoo, S., et al. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-32904-3.00016-9
Lange, L. J., Ames, S. C., Ames, G. E., Heckman, M. G., White, L. J., Roy, V., & Foran, J. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26669685
Issues, Challenges, and Innovation in Age Care: Case Study of Nightingales Medical Trust
Murthy, R., Raja, P., & Sundaram, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7842-7_51
Cognitive sequala of loneliness in long COVID: Differential associations by loneliness subtypes
Rubin, L. H., Azola, A. M., Yoo‐Jeong, M., Dastgheyb, R. M., Easter, R. E., Ehrenspeck, A., Coughlin, J. M., Vannorsdall, T. D., Veenhuis, R. T., & Wilson, T. E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121101
Loneliness Subtypes and Their Association With Prevalent and Incident Dementia
Chek, C. J. W., Araujo-Menendez, C. E. E., Stickel, A. M., Knauft, K. M., González, H. M., & Tarraf, W. (2026) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251413323
Vulnerability and protective factors for PTSD in the academic community during the pandemic
Lana, R. S. M., Nudelman, M. D. F., Alves, S. R., Fernandes, O., Gonçalves, R., Machado, A. V., Martins, R. M., Portugal, L. C. L., David, I. A., Berger, W., et al. (2026) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-025-00372-z · Cited by 2
Loneliness and somatic complaints: An experience sampling method study
Smeets, M., Hutten, E., Verboon, P., Bol, Y., Thewissen, V., & Jongen, E. M. M. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112554
Huc, M., Jouzizadeh, M., Bush, K., Lui, K., McQuaid, R. J., & Jaworska, N. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121473
Bouamrane, L. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/00597159za953z4221z95b8z57a6c1d48c8e
Impact of CBG deficiency on emotional and cognitive processes
de Medeiros, G. F. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5068781bzb1fez4551z99eez04f240a93ed0 · Cited by 1
Tarar, H., Kalembo, L., Bainbridge, S., & Fontaine‐Bisson, B. (2026) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103443
Ho, G., Yap, C. W., & Ge, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-56960-1
Yu, K., Bogart, K. V., Kang, J. E., Taylor, H. O., Harrington, K., Silbert, L. C., Hajjar, I. M., & Dodge, H. H. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71585 · Cited by 1
Connection Starts in the Cradle
He, L., Harold, S. F. (., & Frydrysiak-Brzozowska, A. (2026) · Newborn · doi:10.5005/newborn-5-2-iv
Loneliness around the world: patterns, predictors, and well-being implications
Leblang, D. A., & Wesselbaum, D. (2026) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-026-01424-z
Imaginary companions: A meta-analytic investigation on anthropomorphism and chronic loneliness
Durand, A., & Bègue, L. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107436
Social Isolation, Loneliness and Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Li, H., & Xia, N. (2026) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-026-01447-7
Creation and Validation of the Madrid Loneliness Questionnaire in Spanish Population
Esteban-Rodríguez, L., González-Espejito, F., Zubiaur, E. D., Sevilla-Martínez, J., León, A. H., Lillo-López, E., Blasco-Novalbos, G., & Pérez, E. J. P. (2026) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2026.10043
Dhingra, R., Tamura, K., Powell‐Wiley, T. M., & Forde, A. T. (2026) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwag210
Chen, D., Duan, L., Huang, X., Li, J., & Wu, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1866762
Loneliness and all-cause mortality in the United States
Akinyemi, O. A., Eze, O., Fasokun, M. E., Mba-Madubuike, I., Ogundipe, T., Singleton, D., Ogunsakin, A., Khalil, S., Gordon, K., Michael, M. B., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0354773
Einsamkeit im Spannungsfeld zwischen stabiler Eigenschaft und vorübergehendem Zustand
Mund, M. (2026) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-026-00879-5
Kaushik, S., Naeem, I. A., Nandyal, S. R., Gajjar, R., Nubla, A., Tasamma, A. T., Imran, A., Salama, B., Frishman, W. H., & Aronow, W. S. (2026) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000001505
(2018) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404 · Cited by 329
Metadata
- Authors
- Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Doane, Leah D.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 430-441
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2841363
- OpenAlex
- W2092784420
- Semantic Scholar
- 525cf6bb865f3c34da9f7be891d327a725bfca7d
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH065652, R01 MH65652)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- loneliness, cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, diurnal cortisol rhythm, cortisol awakening response, interpersonal stress, depression, trait loneliness, state loneliness, young adults, social determinants of health, physiological stress
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Interpersonal Relations, Loneliness, Male, Medical Records, Periodicity, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
