The DOI matches its Crossref record; 153 of the 154 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis
Abstract
The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in psychoneuroendocrinological research. Here, we conduct a first comprehensive meta-analysis of HCC research based on aggregated data from a total of 124 (sub)samples (66 independent studies; total N=10,289). We seek to answer two central questions: (i) Which covariates and basic features of HCC need to be considered in future research? (ii) What are the main determinants of HCC in terms of chronic stress exposure and mental health? Concerning basic characteristics, our findings identify several covariates to be considered (age, sex, hair washing frequency, hair treatment, oral contraceptive use), confirm a decline of HCC from the first to the second proximal 3cm hair segment, and show positive associations between HCC and short-term salivary cortisol measures. Regarding chronic stress, we show that stress-exposed groups on a whole exhibit 22% increased HCC. This long-term cortisol hypersecretion emerges particularly when stress is still ongoing at the time of study (+43% HCC) but is not present in conditions of past/absent stress (-9% HCC, n.s.). We also report evidence for 17%-reduced HCC in anxiety disorders, such as PTSD. Interestingly, no consistent associations with mood disorders and self-reports of perceived stress, depressiveness or social support are found. However, our findings reveal positive associations of HCC with stress-related anthropometric (body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio) and hemodynamic measures (systolic blood pressure). These meta-analytic results are discussed in the light of their practical implications and important areas for future inquiry are outlined.
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“Meta-analytic and descriptive reviews show that chronic stress is associated with elevated long-term cortisol secretion (Stalder et al., 2017; Staufenbiel et al., 2013), with stressor duration and recency since stressor onset being important factors in shaping basal cortisol levels (Miller et al., 2007).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Elevated hair cortisol levels in stressed populations have previously been found (reviewed in Stalder et al., 2017; Staufenbiel et al., 2013).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“However, the first meta-analytic review, which included primarily cross-sectional studies, did not show consistent links with self-reported depressiveness (Stalder et al., 2017).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Cross-sectional studies have shown elevated hair cortisol in stressed populations (Stalder et al., 2017; Staufenbiel et al., 2013)”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Our results are consistent with a recent meta-analysis that found no clear relationships between hair cortisol and self-reported depressiveness (Stalder et al., 2017).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
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Fingernail cortisol – State of research and future directions
Fischer, S., Schumacher, S., Skoluda, N., & Strahler, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100855 · Cited by 40
Acute and past subjective stress influence working memory and related neural substrates
Luettgau, L., Schlagenhauf, F., & Sjoerds, Z. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.036 · Cited by 40
Modifying and Validating a Measure of Chronic Stress for People With Aphasia
Pompon, R. H., Amtmann, D., Bombardier, C. H., & Kendall, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0173 · Cited by 42
Schmid, M., Lüdtke, J., Dölitzsch, C., Fischer, S., Eckert, A., & Fegert, J. M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8077-2 · Cited by 40
“Individuals with chronic stress exhibited a 22% higher HCC, and among those with ongoing stress, the increase in HCC was around 43% [56] .”
BackgroundMcLean, M. A., Scoten, O. C., Yu, W. K., Ye, X. Y., Petrie, J., Church, P., Soraisham, A. S., Mirea, L., Weinberg, J., Synnes, A. R., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.055 · Cited by 44
Berger, M., Taylor, S. M., Harriss, L. R., Campbell, S., Thompson, F., Jones, S., Sushames, A., Amminger, G. P., Sarnyai, Z., & McDermott, R. A. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1572745 · Cited by 39
“[AQ6] However, there is evidence for higher hair cortisol in individuals experiencing chronic stress (Stalder et al., 2017) and low socio economic status (Ursache, Merz, Melvin, Meyer, & Noble, 2017), suggesting that hair cortisol levels are related to key risk factors for depression.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPenz, M. S., Siegrist, J., Wekenborg, M., Rothe, N., Walther, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104399 · Cited by 39
Self-citationMuentner, L., Kapoor, A., Weymouth, L., & Poehlmann, J. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22113 · Cited by 39
“…of chronic stress experience blunting due to enhanced negative feedback of the HPA axis (e.g., Yehuda, Kahana, Binder-Brynes, & Southwick, 1995; Stalder et al., 2017), the same effect that was found in our study for children who witnessed the father’s arrest and showed ongoing stress symptoms.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEngert, V., Blasberg, J. U., Köhne, S., Strauss, B. M., & Rosendahl, J. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01569-3 · Cited by 43
“Hormone concentrations in a 1 cm hair segment are thus assumed to indicate the cumulative systemic cortisol/cortisone exposure over an approximately 1-month period [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialColding-Jørgensen, P., Hestehave, S., Abelson, K., & Kalliokoski, O. (2023) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114335 · Cited by 42
Binz, T. M., Gaehler, F., Voegel, C. D., Hofmann, M., Baumgartner, M. R., & Kræmer, T. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1131-6 · Cited by 38
Lanfear, J. H., Voegel, C. D., Binz, T. M., & Paul, R. A. (2020) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108712 · Cited by 37
Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Harley, A. E., Radovini, A., & Thomas, R. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.104016 · Cited by 41
Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., Metse, A. P., & Drummond, P. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.965130 · Cited by 37
Puberty and the Evolution of Developmental Science
Worthman, C. M., Dockray, S., & Marceau, K. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12411 · Cited by 40
“indicates that steroid hormones can be measured in hair and nail clippings from children (Hubmann, 2016; Stalder et al., 2016).”
The 24-hour urinary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis
Pan, X., Kaminga, A. C., Wen, S. W., Wang, Z., Wu, X., & Liu, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227560 · Cited by 38
“For example, during acute stress, the HPA axis is activated, and the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone under the influence of serotonin from the amygdala [12].”
BackgroundHair cortisol change at COVID-19 pandemic onset predicts burnout among health personnel
Marcil, M.-J., Cyr, S., Marin, M., Rosa, C., Tardif, J., Guay, S., Guertin, M., Genest, C., Forest, J., Lavoie, P., et al. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105645 · Cited by 43
Gifford, R. M., O’Leary, T. J., Double, R. L., Wardle, S. L., Wilson, K. S., Boyle, L. D., Homer, N. Z. M., Kirschbaum, C., Greeves, J. P., Woods, D. R., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104432 · Cited by 36
Self-citationStetler, C., & Guinn, V. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104584 · Cited by 42
“However, the results of a previous meta-analysis (Stalder et al., 2017) documented a very small and unreliable correlation between perceived stress and HCC across over two dozen studies.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchermuly, C. C., Wach, D., Kirschbaum, C., & Wegge, J. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12244 · Cited by 37
Self-citationVerheyen, V. J., Rémy, S., Lambrechts, N., Govarts, E., Colles, A., Poelmans, L., Verachtert, E., Lefebvre, W., Monsieurs, P., Vanpoucke, C., et al. (2021) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00697-z · Cited by 37
Stability and validity of steroid hormones in hair and saliva across two ovulatory cycles
Stern, J., Arslan, R. C., & Penke, L. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100114 · Cited by 37
“As previous studies had only small sample sizes, with a mean N = 53 in studies with single and N = 31 with multiple salivary cortisol assays [29], it seems doubtful that the point estimates are precise and generalizable.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHair cortisol concentrations in a Spanish sample of healthy adults
Garcia-Leon, M. A., Peralta-Ramirez, M. I., Arco-Garcia, L., Romero-Gonzalez, B., Caparros-Gonzalez, R. A., Saez-Sanz, N., Santos-Ruiz, A. M., Montero-Lopez, E., Gonzalez, A., & Gonzalez-Perez, R. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204807 · Cited by 35
Moody, S. N., van Dammen, L., Wang, W., Greder, K. A., Neiderhiser, J. M., Afulani, P. A., Willette, A. A., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105805 · Cited by 36
Degering, M., Linz, R., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Singer, T., & Engert, V. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100598 · Cited by 37
Gender Differences in Cortisol and Cortisol Receptors in Depression: A Narrative Review
Teo, C. H., Wong, A. C. H., Sivakumaran, R. N., Parhar, I. S., & Soga, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087129 · Cited by 39
“A prior review on hair cortisol found that cortisol concentrations in the hair increase with age, as well as higher hair cortisol concentration in men compared to women in chronic stress studies [17].”
BackgroundConscientiousness, hair cortisol concentration, and health behaviour in older men and women
Steptoe, A., Easterlin, E., & Kirschbaum, C. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.016 · Cited by 38
“We took socioeconomic indicators as well as age and sex into account, since previous work has demonstrated that hair cortisol concentration tends be to higher in men than women and in older people, while being lower among more affluent individuals (Serwinski et al., 2016; Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citationSchaafsma, F. G., Hulsegge, G., de Jong, M., Overvliet, J., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Nieuwenhuijsen, K. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12189 · Cited by 41
Polito, R., Messina, G., Valenzano, A. A., Scarinci, A., Villano, I., Monda, M., Cibelli, G., Porro, C., Pisanelli, D., Monda, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10184230 · Cited by 35
“This hypothesis is supported by recent studies showing vital correlations between fat and long-term adrenal cortical steroid levels, measured in scalp hair, both in adults [15] and children [16,17].”
BackgroundResultPenz, M. S., Wekenborg, M., Pieper, L., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Walther, A., Miller, R. E., Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1613 · Cited by 35
“Hair steroid analyses comprise a recently developed method that allows capturing stress‐related changes in long‐term patterns of hormone secretion (Stalder et al., 2017).”
MethodSelf-citationPauli-Pott, U., Schloß, S., Ruhl, I., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., & Becker, K. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.002 · Cited by 31
Bossé, S., Stalder, T., & D'Antono, B. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000569 · Cited by 33
“) were not assessed and may have confounded the cortisol analyses (45,69,79,81).”
BackgroundResultFeeney, J. C., O’Halloran, A. M., & Kenny, R. A. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly258 · Cited by 34
Fürtbauer, I., Solman, C., & Fry, A. (2019) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.12.009 · Cited by 27
Pittner, K., Buisman, R. S. M., van den Berg, L. J. M., Block, L. C.-D., Tollenaar, M. S., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Elzinga, B. M., & Alink, L. R. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00387 · Cited by 33
“It has been suggested that cortisone is an alternative, parallel measure of cortisol (35).”
BackgroundDoom, J. R., Peckins, M. K., Hein, T. C., Dotterer, H. L., Mitchell, C., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., McLanahan, S., Hyde, L. W., Abelson, J. L., et al. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000954 · Cited by 35
“A meta-analysis suggested that ongoing stress rather than past or absent stress is associated with higher cortisol output measured in hair (Stalder et al., 2017), which could suggest that individuals exposed to high levels of parental harshness in childhood with higher cortisol output could be experiencing continued s…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan der Valk, E. S., Abawi, O., Mohseni, M., Abdelmoumen, A., Wester, V. L., van der Voorn, B., Iyer, A. M., van den Akker, E. L. T., Hoeks, S. E., van den Berg, S. A. A., et al. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13376 · Cited by 33
“The authors concluded that variation in HairF levels on study level could be related, among other factors, to differences in mean BMI of the study populations.(9) Gray et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNovel method of measuring chronic stress for preterm infants: Skin cortisol
D’Agata, A. L., Roberts, M. B., Ashmeade, T. L., Dutra, S. V. O., Kane, B., & Groer, M. E. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.223 · Cited by 32
“Pragmatic factors that complicate collection of these samples in preterm infants include very limited hair (Stalder et al., 2017) and nail growth and saliva sample collection itself may be noxious due to limited volume (Maas et al.”
BackgroundLC-MS/MS-based reference intervals for hair cortisol in healthy children
de Kruijff, I., Noppe, G., Kieviet, N., Choenni, V., den Berg, M. P. L., Begijn, D. G. A., Tromp, E., Dorst, K. Y., van Rossum, E. F. C., de Rijke, Y. B., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104539 · Cited by 33
“09 for each 10-year increase in the standard deviation of age (Stalder et al., 2017).”
InfluentialOtten, W., Heimbürge, S., Kanitz, E., & Tuchscherer, A. (2020) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113531 · Cited by 32
Ling, J., Kao, T. A., & Robbins, L. B. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13050 · Cited by 32
Kische, H., Ollmann, T. M., Voß, C., Hoyer, J., Rückert, F., Pieper, L., Kirschbaum, C., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105167 · Cited by 31
Self-citationJulià, M., Méndez-Rivero, F., Gomez‐Gómez, À., Pozo, Ó. J., & Bolíbar, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159099 · Cited by 36
Koenig, A. M., Ramo‐Fernández, L., Boeck, C., Umlauft, M., Pauly, M., Binder, E. B., Kirschbaum, C., Gündel, H., Karabatsiakis, A., & Kolassa, I. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.002 · Cited by 31
Self-citationHair cortisol and cortisone as markers of stress in Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults
Davison, B., Singh, G., & McFarlane, J. R. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1543395 · Cited by 33
“In the past decade, hair cortisol concentration has been proposed as a measure of long-term accumulation of cortisol (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundNyström‐Hansen, M., Andersen, M., Khoury, J. E., Davidsen, K. A., Gumley, A. I., Lyons‐Ruth, K., MacBeth, A. M., & Harder, S. K. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21833 · Cited by 32
“However, meta-analytic estimates (Stalder et al., 2017) concerning the influences of hair washing frequency and hair treatment suggest that under most circumstances their influences would be minimal.”
Dunčko, R., Fischer, S., Hatch, S., Frissa, S., Goodwin, L., Papadopoulos, A., Cleare, A., & Hotopf, M. (2019) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000498920 · Cited by 27
“Only limited information is available on the relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and diagnosis of depression, with some reports showing increased hair cortisol levels [15, 16], others showing a lack of association with depression [17, 18], and yet others reporting attenuated levels of hair cortisol in de…”
BackgroundReichl, C., Brunner, R. M., Bender, N., Parzer, P., Koenig, J., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104460 · Cited by 31
Hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress and resilience in South African mixed ancestry females
van den Heuvel, L. L., Acker, D., du Plessis, S., Stalder, T., Suliman, S., Thorne, M., Kirschbaum, C., & Seedat, S. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104543 · Cited by 31
Self-citationElavsky, S., Jandackova, V. K., Knapová, L., Vašendová, V., Sebera, M., Kaštovská, B., Blaschová, D., Kühnová, J., Cimler, R., Vilímek, D., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10166-4 · Cited by 31
“Whereas these acute and transient cortisol reactivity are part of the adaptive response to challenge and generally unharmful [67], long-term secretion of the cortisol is considered to play a crucial role in mediating the link between chronic stress and negative effects on physical and mental health [68].”
BackgroundSteroid profiling in nails using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Voegel, C. D., Ghaemmaghami, P., Ehlert, U., Baumgartner, M. R., Kræmer, T., & Binz, T. M. (2018) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2018.09.015 · Cited by 30
“The most prominent hormone that has been analyzed in this context is cortisol which has been shown to be a biomarker for physiological and psychological stress, anxiety and depression [9].”
Wang, C., Dai, J., & Li, J. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.07.001 · Cited by 30
Stegers‐Jager, K. M., Savas, M., van der Waal, J., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Woltman, A. M. (2020) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14068 · Cited by 30
Conradt, E. D., Shakiba, N., Ostlund, B. D., Terrell, S., Kaliush, P. R., Shakib, J. H., & Crowell, S. E. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21952 · Cited by 30
“In non-pregnant samples, chronic stress is related to a 22% higher median hair cortisol concentration value (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundStress and cortisol levels among members of the nursing team
Bardaquim, V. A., dos Santos, S. V. M., Dias, E. G., Dalri, R. D. C. D. M. B., Mendes, A. M. D. O. C., Gallani, M. C. B. J., & Robazzi, M. L. D. C. C. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0953 · Cited by 30
Hair-cortisol and hair-BDNF as biomarkers of tinnitus loudness and distress in chronic tinnitus
Basso, L., Boecking, B., Neff, P. K. A., Brüeggemann, P., Peters, E. M. J., & Mazurek, B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-04811-0 · Cited by 31
Definitions, theories, and measurement of stress in children
Lynch, T., Davis, S., Johnson, A. H., Gray, L., Coleman, E., Phillips, S. R., Soistmann, H. C., & Rice, M. H. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2022.07.008 · Cited by 35
Walther, A., Kirschbaum, C., Wehrli, S., Rothe, N., Penz, M. S., Wekenborg, M., & Gao, W. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110658 · Cited by 30
Self-citationMusana, J. W., Cohen, C. R., Kuppermann, M., Gerona, R. R. L., Wanyoro, A. K., Aguilar, D., Jr., Santos, N., Temmerman, M., & Weiss, S. J. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1696305 · Cited by 34
Cognitively‐Based Compassion Training for parents reduces cortisol in infants and young children
Poehlmann, J., Engbretson, A. M., Vigna, A. J., Weymouth, L., Burnson, C., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Kapoor, A., Gerstein, E. D., Fanning, K. A., & Raison, C. L. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21831 · Cited by 34
“A recent meta-analysis of 66 studies (Stalder et al., 2017) has found that although hair cortisol was not consistently related to reports of perceived stress, there were significant elevations in hair cortisol when chronic stressors occurred.”
BackgroundBuchmüller, T., Lembcke, H., Busch, J., Kumsta, R., Wolf, O. T., & Leyendecker, B. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1737008 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, the degree of on-going stress can moderate effects of chronic stress on HCC (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPerceived stress but not hair cortisol concentration is related to adult cognitive performance
Oumohand, S. E., Ward, D. D., Boenniger, M. M., Merten, N., Kirschbaum, C., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104810 · Cited by 29
Self-citationGoldberg, X., Espelt, C., Casteràs, D. P., Palao, D. J., Nadal, R. A., & Armario, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.045 · Cited by 32
Hair cortisol, obesity and the immune system: Results from a 3 year longitudinal study
van der Valk, E. S., van der Voorn, B., Iyer, A. M., Mohseni, M., Leenen, P. J. M., Dik, W. A., van den Berg, S. A. A., de Rijke, Y. B., van den Akker, E. L. T., Penninx, B. W. J. H., et al. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105422 · Cited by 32
Fiacco, S., Gardini, E., Mernone, L., Schick, L., & Ehlert, U. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00777 · Cited by 29
“Participants were asked to avoid any physical exercise for at least 24 h prior to the session and were instructed not to eat or drink (except for water) on the day of the session (53).”
MethodKaltenegger, H. C., Marques, M. D., Becker, L., Rohleder, N., Nowak, D., Wright, B. J., & Weigl, M. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.01.222 · Cited by 43
“…confounders as suggested by previous research (de Hert, 2020; Magnusson Hanson et al., 2019; Meredith et al., 2022; Segerstrom and Miller, 2004; Stalder et al., 2017): Sociodemographic characteristics: sex (f/m/d), age (in years); Health-related characteristics: BMI (kg/m 2 ), physical…”
InfluentialMartins‐Silva, T., Martins, R. C., Murray, J., Carvalho, A. M., Rickes, L. N., Corrêa, B. D. F., Fraga, B. B., Brum, C. B., Freitas, D. F., Meyer, F. D. T., et al. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107185 · Cited by 31
Hair cortisol in newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives
Coello, K., Munkholm, K., Nielsen, F., Vinberg, M., & Kessing, L. V. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.020 · Cited by 27
Clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic subjective tinnitus
Li, J., Jin, J., Xi, S., Zhu, Q., Chen, Y., Huang, M. H., & He, C. (2018) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2018.10.017 · Cited by 28
Ling, J., Xu, D., Robbins, L. B., & Meyer, J. S. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104478 · Cited by 33
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Wall, M. M., Choi, J.-W., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., Telke, S. E., & Mason, S. M. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0077 · Cited by 27
“Self-reported stress has been found to be modestly correlated with objective stress measures,(45) but also reflects individual variation in what is considered ‘‘normal’’ stress, and may not correspond directly to stress physiology.(46) In addition, although utilizing a community-based sample is a study strength as it…”
BackgroundPsychosocial, behavioral and clinical correlates of children with overweight and obesity
Thaker, V., Osganian, S. K., de Ferranti, S. D., Sonneville, K. R., Cheng, J. K., Feldman, H. A., & Richmond, T. K. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02145-2 · Cited by 30
Lines, R. L. J., Ducker, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C., Fletcher, D., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13846 · Cited by 35
Izawa, S., Sugaya, N., Ogawa, N., Shirotsuki, K., & Nomura, S. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1895113 · Cited by 29
Leppänen, M. H., Sääksjärvi, K., Vepsäläinen, H., Ray, C., Hiltunen, P., Koivusilta, L., Erkkola, M., Sajaniemi, N., & Roos, E. (2020) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03686-5 · Cited by 26
“Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a relatively new method of assessing long-term cumulative cortisol levels, and it has been found to be a feasible tool for stress-related research [8, 12, 13].”
BackgroundMethodBurnout, hair cortisol, and timing: Hyper- or hypocortisolism?
Rohleder, N. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.008 · Cited by 28
Wang, X., Busch, J. R., Banner, J., Línnet, K., & Johansen, S. S. (2019) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109968 · Cited by 29
Malanchini, M., Engelhardt, L. E., Raffington, L., Sabhlok, A., Grotzinger, A. D., Briley, D. A., Madole, J. W., Freis, S. M., Patterson, M. W., Harden, K. P., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0747-z · Cited by 33
Racial discrimination and ethnic racial identity in adolescence as modulators of HPA axis activity
Adam, E. K., Hittner, E. F., Thomas, S., Villaume, S. C., & Nwafor, E. E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000111x · Cited by 30
“The latter conclusion would suggest that hair cortisol may be a useful indicator of the long-term impacts of racial discrimination and ERI on HPA axis functioning (Stalder et al., 2017)”
BackgroundContemplative Mental Training Reduces Hair Glucocorticoid Levels in a Randomized Clinical Trial
Puhlmann, L. M. C., Vrtička, P., Linz, R., Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Engert, V., & Singer, T. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000970 · Cited by 29
Self-citationTaylor, K. S., Steptoe, A., & Iob, E. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01805-2 · Cited by 27
Wettstein, A., Jenni, G., Schneider, S., Kühne, F., Holtforth, M. G., & Marca, R. L. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09782-2 · Cited by 39
Correlates of hair cortisol concentrations in disadvantaged young children
Simmons, J. G., Azpitarte, F., Roost, F. D., Dommers, E., Allen, N. B., Havighurst, S. S., & Haslam, N. (2018) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2842 · Cited by 27
Low hair cortisol concentration predicts the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Pauli‐Pott, U., Schloß, S., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., & Becker, K. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104442 · Cited by 31
Herr, R. M., Almer, C., Loerbroks, A., Barrech, A., Elfantel, I., Siegrist, J., Gündel, H., Angerer, P., & Li, J. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.011 · Cited by 26
Vandeleest, J. J., Capitanio, J. P., Hamel, A. F., Meyer, J. S., Novak, M. A., Mendoza, S. P., & McCowan, B. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.008 · Cited by 27
“social, physical, or environmental) still requires more research (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPeng, F., Palazzi, P., Viguié, C., & Appenzeller, B. M. R. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120179 · Cited by 26
Associations between social adversity and young children’s hair cortisol: A systematic review
Bryson, H., Price, A. M. H., Goldfeld, S. R., & Mensah, F. K. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105176 · Cited by 26
Behnke, A., Gumpp, A. M., Krumbholz, A., Bach, A. M., Schelling, G., Kolassa, I., & Rojas, R. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100068 · Cited by 24
“According to a meta-analysis [17], studies in nonclinical cohorts found no consistent”
BackgroundMethodExtreme climatic events and human biology and health: A primer and opportunities for future research
Rosinger, A. Y. (2022) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23843 · Cited by 27
“For example, several studies have used hair and nail cortisol concentration to examine chronic stress retrospectively in relation to other events (Binz et al., 2018; Horan et al., 2022; Jankovic-Rankovic et al., 2020; Rosinger, Bethancourt, Young, & Schultz, 2021; Stalder et al., 2017).”
Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Capito, K., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Berking, M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230807112425 · Cited by 25
Self-citationPredicting hair cortisol levels with hair pigmentation genes: a possible hair pigmentation bias
Neumann, A., Noppe, G., Liu, F., Kayser, M., Verhulst, F., Jaddoe, V., van Rossum, E. V., & Tiemeier, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07034-w · Cited by 22
Wu, H. L., Zhou, K., Xu, P., Xue, J., Xu, X. Y., & Liu, L. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s181541 · Cited by 25
“Consistent with research in hair cortisol, no correlation between cortisol level and self-reports of perceived stress emerged in a meta-analysis study.(39) Concordantly, in research studies using experiencing stressful or negative life events to indicate chronic stress, hair cortisol had significant relationships with…”
Influentialvan Zuiden, M., Savas, M., Koch, S. B. J., Nawijn, L., Staufenbiel, S. M., Frijling, J. L., Veltman, D. J., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Olff, M. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22395 · Cited by 27
“Additionally, the authors of a recent meta-analysis found significant positive associations between ongoing chronic stress and HCC (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBehnke, A., Karabatsiakis, A., Krumbholz, A., Karrasch, S., Schelling, G., Kolassa, I., & Rojas, R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79859-x · Cited by 26
Bürgin, D., Kind, N., Schröder, M., Clemens, V., Fegert, J. M., Eckert, A., Buchheim, A., O’Donovan, A., Boonmann, C., & Schmid, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556486 · Cited by 25
Hair glucocorticoid levels in Parkinson's disease.
van den Heuvel, L. L., du Plessis, S., Stalder, T., Acker, D., Kirschbaum, C., Carr, J., & Seedat, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104704 · Cited by 22
Self-citationFeneberg, A. C., Forbes, P., Piperno, G., Pronizius, E., Stijovic, A., Skoluda, N., Lamm, C., Nater, U. M., & Silani, G. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2480 · Cited by 23
Cortisol changes in healthy children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Fung, M. H., Taylor, B. K., Embury, C. M., Spooner, R. K., Johnson, H. J., Willett, M. P., Frenzel, M. R., Badura-Brack, A. S., White, S. F., & Wilson, T. W. (2022) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2022.2125798 · Cited by 27
“It is also important to note that the cortisol trajectory did not interact with age or sex, despite data showing that HPA axis activity changes across puberty with some aspects maturing in a sexually dimorphic manner (Gray et al., 2018; McLaughlin et al., 2009; Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHair cortisol, lifetime traumatic experiences and psychopathology in unaccompanied refugee minors
Sierau, S., Glaesmer, H., Klucken, T., & Tobias Stalder, A. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.003 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R.
- Affiliations
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- University of Siegen (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- MSB Medical School Berlin (DE)
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 77
- Pages
- 261-274
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2512922965
- Semantic Scholar
- 78b482bd463a2e29e2aae66b9cf8e24a66b06fe6
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 23
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (1213/5-1, 940/2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, chronic stress, cortisol hypersecretion, salivary cortisol, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, perceived stress, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, hair treatment, oral contraceptive use
- MeSH terms
- Hair, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Stress, Psychological
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