Hair cortisol concentrations in a Spanish sample of healthy adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Hair cortisol concentration (HCC), as a novel promising method to retrospectively measure hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, is being increasingly studied. We tested the relationships between HCC and a range of possible confounding variables in a Spanish sample of healthy adults and pregnant women. METHODS: The number of healthy adults who participated in the study was 529, being 270 males and 259 females, with a combined mean age of 37.88 years (SD = 15.66). Additionally, a separate sample of 62 pregnant women was also recruited with a mean age of 32.95 (SD = 3.67), and in the first trimester of pregnancy. Each participant was interviewed before the study to obtain sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and a hair sample was taken from the posterior vertex of the head, cut as close to the scalp as possible. Assuming the average growth rate of head hair is 1 cm per month, a 3-cm segment was analysed, in order to measure the cortisol concentrations from a three-month period. For the pregnant women, hair samples for each trimester of pregnancy were analysed. RESULTS: The mean hair cortisol concentration was 127.91 (111.52) pg/mg for the general sample. The variables of age, education, employment status, use of hair dyes, use of oral contraceptives, and physical exercise had a significant relation to HCC. When adjusted for further variables, only education and physical exercise remained statistically significant. When including the use of oral contraceptives and only with respect to females, only physical exercise remains statistically significant. For the subsample of pregnant woman, the mean hair cortisol concentration was 334.51 (409.77) pg/mg for the first trimester, 302.18 (270.24) pg/mg for the second trimester, and 331.31 (295.46) pg/mg for the third trimester of pregnancy. None of the assessed confounding variables (age, body mass index, previous miscarriages, employment status, hair dyes, dependent children and physical exercise), except education level, was related to HCC. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of healthy Spaniards, results suggested an association between HCC and physical exercise and educational level. In pregnant women, the prevalence of HCC was higher than in non-pregnant woman, and was related to educational level. This study emphasises the need to determine the relationship between HCC and confounders such as sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in the general population and specific groups formed by individuals such as pregnant women.
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Pregnant women who were more resilient had lower hair-cortisol levels in the third trimester and less postpartum depressive symptoms.
“This study showed that pregnant women who were more resilient had lower hair-cortisol levels in the third trimester and less postpartum depressive symptoms, indicating the potential of resilience to prevent negative (mental) health outcomes in pregnant women and their offspring [87].”
From Effectiveness of a guided ACT-based self-help resilience training for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial embedded in a prospective cohort. (2020) · cites this paper as [87]
The Introduction reports a relationship between hair cortisol and postpartum depressive symptoms, and the Methods describe hair-cortisol sampling in all three trimesters. Neither those passages nor the Discussion reports a resilience measure or shows that more resilient women had lower third-trimester cortisol and fewer postpartum depressive symptoms (searched: resilience, resilient). (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe association between antepartum resilience and chronic hair cortisol has only been studied once.
“Furthermore, the association between antepartum resilience and chronic hair cortisol has only been studied once [87].”
From Effectiveness of a guided ACT-based self-help resilience training for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial embedded in a prospective cohort. (2020) · cites this paper as [87]
The Introduction discusses hair cortisol during pregnancy and its relationship with postpartum depression symptoms, but does not address antepartum resilience. A search for “resilience” found no passage assessing its association with hair cortisol or stating that the association had been studied only once. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Self-citationCorrection: Hair cortisol concentrations in a Spanish sample of healthy adults
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Mariño-Narváez, C., Romero-Gonzalez, B., Puertas-Gonzalez, J., González-Pérez, R., Nacarino-Palma, C., & Peralta-Ramírez, M. I. (2026) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2026.2662664
Self-citationAdrenal Cortex and Medulla Physiology during Pregnancy, Labor, and Puerperium
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- Authors
- Garcia-Leon, M. A., Peralta-Ramirez, M. I., Arco-Garcia, L., Romero-Gonzalez, B., Caparros-Gonzalez, R. A., Saez-Sanz, N., Santos-Ruiz, A. M., Montero-Lopez, E., Gonzalez, A., & Gonzalez-Perez, R.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-09-28
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0204807
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6161874
- OpenAlex
- W2892636063
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-08-26)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI2015-63494-P)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, confounding variables, physical activity, educational attainment, pregnancy, first trimester, oral contraceptives, hair dyes, healthy adults, Spanish population, reference values, chronic stress biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Hair, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimesters, Spain
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