The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The blood-brain barrier: Connecting the gut and the brain
Open accessAbstract
The BBB prevents the unrestricted exchange of substances between the central nervous system (CNS) and the blood. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) also conveys information between the CNS and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through several mechanisms. Here, we review three of those mechanisms. First, the BBB selectively transports some peptides and regulatory proteins in the blood-to-brain or the brain-to-blood direction. The ability of GI hormones to affect functions of the BBB, as illustrated by the ability of insulin to alter the BBB transport of amino acids and drugs, represents a second mechanism. A third mechanism is the ability of GI hormones to affect the secretion by the BBB of substances that themselves affect feeding and appetite, such as nitric oxide and cytokines. By these and other mechanisms, the BBB regulates communications between the CNS and GI tract.
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“Peripherally produced ghrelin exerts its appetite-inducing effects centrally after passing through the BBB [112, 302-304].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [304]
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Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin
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Self-citationGhrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance
Diano, S., Farr, S. A., Benoit, S. C., McNay, E. C., da Silva, I., Horvath, B., Gaskin, F. S., Nonaka, N., Jaeger, L. B., Banks, W. A., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1656 · Cited by 828
Self-citationAdiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight
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Cytokine-induced sickness behavior
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Banks, W. A., Tschöp, M., Robinson, S. M., & Heiman, M. L. (2002) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.034827 · Cited by 691
Self-citationAdiponectin: A Novel Adipokine Linking Adipocytes and Vascular Function
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Cytokine-to-brain communication: A review & analysis of alternative mechanisms
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Park, S., Shin, D.-C., Jung, H., Song, D.-G., Lee, S., & Sohn, J.-H. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926527/v1
Park, S., Shin, D.-C., Jung, H., Song, D.-G., Lee, S., & Sohn, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110493
De novo design of microprotein in neurodegenerative diseases
Das, A. K., & Borah, M. (2026) · Discover Molecules · doi:10.1007/s44345-026-00058-8
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, W. A.
- Affiliations
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banks, William A.
- ORCID
- Banks, William A.
- Venue
- Regulatory Peptides
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 11-14
- ISSN
- 0167-0115 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2553040
- OpenAlex
- W2058610680
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Regulatory Peptides (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG029839)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS050547)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- blood-brain barrier, gut-brain axis, gastrointestinal hormones, insulin, amino acid transport, drug transport, nitric oxide, cytokines, appetite regulation, feeding behavior, peptide transport
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Central Nervous System, Humans, Insulin, Models, Biological, Leptin, Peptide Hormones, Gastrointestinal Tract, Ghrelin
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