Cited by 104Barrier Structure and Function StudiesDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsGastrointestinal motility and disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The blood-brain barrier: Connecting the gut and the brain

Open access

Banks, William A.·2008·Regulatory Peptides

DOI 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.027PMC PMC2553040

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The BBB prevents the unrestricted exchange of substances between the central nervous system (CNS) and the blood. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) also conveys information between the CNS and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through several mechanisms. Here, we review three of those mechanisms. First, the BBB selectively transports some peptides and regulatory proteins in the blood-to-brain or the brain-to-blood direction. The ability of GI hormones to affect functions of the BBB, as illustrated by the ability of insulin to alter the BBB transport of amino acids and drugs, represents a second mechanism. A third mechanism is the ability of GI hormones to affect the secretion by the BBB of substances that themselves affect feeding and appetite, such as nitric oxide and cytokines. By these and other mechanisms, the BBB regulates communications between the CNS and GI tract.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.027

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO EXOGENOUS PEROXIDASE
Reese, T. S., & Karnovsky, M. J. (1967) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.34.1.207 · Cited by 2,629
Adiponectin, an Adipocyte-Derived Plasma Protein, Inhibits Endothelial NF-κB Signaling Through a cAMP-Dependent Pathway
Ouchi, N., Kihara, S., Arita, Y., Okamoto, Y., Maeda, K., Kuriyama, H., Hotta, K., Nishida, M., Takahashi, M., Muraguchi, M., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1296 · Cited by 1,730
Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin
Banks, W. A., Kastin, A. J., Huang, W., Jaspan, J. B., & Maness, L. M. (1996) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(96)00025-3 · Cited by 1,222
Self-citation
Ghrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance
Diano, S., Farr, S. A., Benoit, S. C., McNay, E. C., da Silva, I., Horvath, B., Gaskin, F. S., Nonaka, N., Jaeger, L. B., Banks, W. A., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1656 · Cited by 828
Self-citation
Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight
Qi, Y., Takahashi, N., Hileman, S. M., Patel, H. R., Berg, A. H., Pajvani, U. B., Scherer, P. E., & Ahima, R. S. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1029 · Cited by 809
Cytokine-induced sickness behavior
Kelley, K. W., Bluthé, R.-M., Dantzer, R., Zhou, J.-H., Shen, W.-H., Johnson, R. W., & Broussard, S. R. (2003) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00077-6 · Cited by 716
Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure
Banks, W. A., Tschöp, M., Robinson, S. M., & Heiman, M. L. (2002) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.034827 · Cited by 691
Self-citation
Adiponectin: A Novel Adipokine Linking Adipocytes and Vascular Function
Goldstein, B. J., & Scalia, R. G. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0518 · Cited by 647
Cytokine-to-brain communication: A review & analysis of alternative mechanisms
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02047-m · Cited by 597
Physiology of the CSF and Blood-Brain Barriers
Davson, H., & Segal, M. B. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 582

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 46 references

Sorted by citations

Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572
Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system
Lochhead, J. J., & Thorne, R. G. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.002 · Cited by 1,214
Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides
Lach, G., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0585-0 · Cited by 573
Microbes and mental health: A review
Rieder, R., Wisniewski, P. J., Alderman, B. L., & Campbell, S. C. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.016 · Cited by 446
The role of gut and genital microbiota and the estrobolome in endometriosis, infertility and chronic pelvic pain
Salliss, M. E., Farland, L. V., Mahnert, N. D., & Herbst‐Kralovetz, M. M. (2021) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmab035 · Cited by 298
The role of amylin in the control of energy homeostasis
Lutz, T. A. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00703.2009 · Cited by 181
Gut Microbiota, Nitric Oxide, and Microglia as Prerequisites for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Tse, J. K. Y. (2017) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00176 · Cited by 175
Ghrelin Signalling on Food Reward: A Salient Link Between the Gut and the Mesolimbic System
Perelló, M., & Dickson, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12236 · Cited by 177
Control of energy homeostasis by amylin
Lutz, T. A. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0905-1 · Cited by 139
Metabolic signals in human puberty: Effects of over and undernutrition
Martos‐Moreno, G. Á., Chowen, J. A., & Argente, J. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.017 · Cited by 132
The Gut-Microglia Connection: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases
Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Li, F., Jia, J., Song, X., Qin, S., Wang, R., Jin, F., Kitazato, K., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02325 · Cited by 130
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Interacts with Ghrelin and Leptin to Regulate Glucose Metabolism and Food Intake through Vagal Afferent Neuron Signaling ,
Ronveaux, C. C., Tomé, D., & Raybould, H. E. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.206029 · Cited by 124
Dopaminergic and serotonergic activity in neostriatum and nucleus accumbens enhanced by intranasal administration of testosterone
Silva, M. A. D. S., Mattern, C., Topic, B., Buddenberg, T., & Huston, J. P. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.08.003 · Cited by 124
Lean mean fat reducing “ghrelin” machine: Hypothalamic ghrelin and ghrelin receptors as therapeutic targets in obesity
Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.024 · Cited by 120
Glymphatic System as a Gateway to Connect Neurodegeneration From Periphery to CNS
Natale, G., Limanaqi, F., Busceti, C. L., Mastroiacovo, F., Nicoletti, F., Puglisi‐Allegra, S., & Fornai, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.639140 · Cited by 116
Ghrelin in psychiatric disorders – A review
Wittekind, D. A., & Kluge, M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.013 · Cited by 110
New approaches to the study of sepsis
Ward, P. A. (2012) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201201375 · Cited by 110
Recent advances in clinical practice challenges and opportunities in the management of obesity
Acosta, A., Abu Dayyeh, B. K., Port, J. D., & Camilleri, M. (2014) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306235 · Cited by 91
Expression of the gene encoding the ghrelin receptor in rats selected for differential alcohol preference
Landgren, S., Engel, J. A., Hyytiä, P., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Jerlhag, E. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.003 · Cited by 80
Neuroanatomical Framework of the Metabolic Control of Reproduction
Hill, J. W., & Elias, C. F. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2017 · Cited by 80
Nicotinic Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
Zoli, M., & Picciotto, M. R. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts159 · Cited by 76
Old Friends, immunoregulation, and stress resilience
Langgartner, D., Lowry, C. A., & Reber, S. O. (2018) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-018-2228-7 · Cited by 76
Clarifying the Ghrelin System’s Ability to Regulate Feeding Behaviours Despite Enigmatic Spatial Separation of the GHSR and Its Endogenous Ligand
Edwards, A., & Abizaid, A. B. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18040859 · Cited by 71
SCFA Treatment Alleviates Pathological Signs of Migraine and Related Intestinal Alterations in a Mouse Model of NTG-Induced Migraine
Lanza, M., Filippone, A., Ardizzone, A., Casili, G., Paterniti, I., Esposito, E., & Campolo, M. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10102756 · Cited by 69
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R1a) Knockout Mice Exhibit Improved Spatial Memory and Deficits in Contextual Memory
Albarran-Zeckler, R. G., Brantley, A. F., & Smith, R. G. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.012 · Cited by 64
Neuroimaging, Gut Peptides and Obesity: Novel Studies of the Neurobiology of Appetite
Gibson, C. D., Carnell, S., Ochner, C. N., & Geliebter, A. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02025.x · Cited by 61
Developmental gene×environment interactions affecting systems regulating energy homeostasis and obesity
Levin, B. E. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.02.005 · Cited by 59
Insulin receptor substrate 2 is a negative regulator of memory formationPreprint
Irvine, E. E., Drinkwater, L., Radwańska, K., Al‐Qassab, H., Smith, M. A., O’Brien, M. S., Kielar, C., Choudhury, A. I., Krauss, S. J. K., Cooper, J. D., et al. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2111311 · Cited by 57
Perinatal inflammation and adult psychopathology: From preclinical models to humans
Depino, A. M. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.010 · Cited by 54
Effects of Amylin on Eating and Adiposity
Lutz, T. A. (2011) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3_10 · Cited by 48
Gut Microbiome, Diet and Depression: Literature Review of Microbiological, Nutritional and Neuroscientific Aspects
Clerici, L., Bottari, D., & Bottari, B. (2025) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-025-00619-2 · Cited by 54
Ghrelin: Central Nervous System Sites of Action in Regulation of Energy Balance
Fry, M., & Ferguson, A. V. (2010) · International Journal of Peptides · doi:10.1155/2010/616757 · Cited by 43
Effects of albumin‐conjugated PYY on food intake: the respective roles of the circumventricular organs and vagus nerve
Baraboi, E., Michel, C., Smith, P., Thibaudeau, K., Ferguson, A. V., & Richard, D. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07318.x · Cited by 41
Gut dysbiosis and serotonin: intestinal 5-HT as a ubiquitous membrane permeability regulator in host tissues, organs, and the brain
Szőke, H., Kovács, Z., Bókkon, I., Vagedes, J., Erdöfi-Szabó, A., Hegyi, G., Sterner, M.-G., Kiss, Á., & Kapócs, G. (2020) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2019-0095 · Cited by 44
Ghrelin, leptin and insulin in healthy children: Relationship with anthropometry, gender, and age distribution
Wilasco, M. I. D. A., Goldani, H. A. S., Dornelles, C., Maurer, R. L., Kieling, C. O., Porowski, M., & da Silveira, T. R. (2011) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2011.08.013 · Cited by 42
Roles of Amylin in Satiation, Adiposity and Brain Development
Lutz, T. A. (2009) · Forum of nutrition/Bibliotheca Nutritio et dieta · doi:10.1159/000264394 · Cited by 40
Accessibility of low‐molecular‐mass molecules to the median eminence and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus of adult mouse
Morita, S., & Miyata, S. (2013) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.2953 · Cited by 39
Gut microbiome in neuroendocrine and neuroimmune interactions: The case of genistein
Guo, T. L., Chen, Y., Xu, H. S., McDonough, C. M., & Huang, G. (2020) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115130 · Cited by 35
Amylinergic control of food intake in lean and obese rodents
Boyle, C. N., & Lutz, T. A. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.015 · Cited by 31
Effects of different musical frequencies on NPY and Ghrelin secretion in the rat hypothalamus
Russo, C., Russo, A., Gulino, R., Pellitteri, R., & Stanzani, S. (2017) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.06.002 · Cited by 30
Gastrointestinal hormones in regulation of memory
Mandal, A., Prabhavalkar, K. S., & Bhatt, L. K. (2018) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.003 · Cited by 32
Cerebrospinal fluid insulin during non-neurological surgery
Bromander, S., Anckarsäter, R., Åhrén, B., Kristiansson, M., Blennow, K., Holmäng, A. B., Zetterberg, H., Anckarsäter, H. S., & Wass, C. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0456-x · Cited by 29
Peptides and aging: Their role in anorexia and memory.
Morley, J. (2015) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.007 · Cited by 24
(Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition
Autio, J., Stenbäck, V., Gagnon, D. D., Leppäluoto, J., & Herzig, K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082592 · Cited by 28
Plasma and aqueous humour levels of ghrelin in open‐angle glaucoma patients
Katsanos, A., Δαστιρίδου, Ά., Georgoulias, P., Cholevas, P., Kotoula, M. G., & Tsironi, E. E. (2010) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02463.x · Cited by 25
Predicting gastrointestinal drug effects using contextualized metabolic models
Guebila, M. B., & Thiele, I. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007100 · Cited by 22
Metabolic transceivers: in tune with the central melanocortin system
Warne, J. P., & Xu, A. W. (2012) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.10.005 · Cited by 20
Ghrelin, leptin and insulin in cirrhotic children and adolescents: Relationship with cirrhosis severity and nutritional status
Dornelles, C., Goldani, H. A. S., Wilasco, M. I. D. A., Maurer, R. L., Kieling, C. O., Porowski, M., Ferreira, C. T., dos Santos, J. L., Vieira, S. M. G., & da Silveira, T. R. (2012) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2012.10.004 · Cited by 18
Transcending the amyloid-beta dominance paradigm in Alzheimer's disease: An exploration of behavioural, metabolic, and gut microbiota phenotypes in 5xFAD mice
Vera, D. M., Zambrana-Infantes, E. N., López-Gambero, A. J., Verheul-Campos, J., Santín, L. J., Baixerás, E., Suárez, J., Pavón, F. J., Rosell‐Valle, C., & de Fonseca, F. R. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106295 · Cited by 17
Involvement of Ghrelin Dynamics in Stress-Induced Eating Disorder: Effects of Sex and Aging
Yamada, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111695 · Cited by 20
Peripheral administration of TAT-obestatin can influence the expression of liporegulatory genes but fails to affect food intake in mice
Ren, G., He, Z., Cong, P., Chen, H., Guo, Y., Yu, J., Liu, Z., Ji, Q., Song, Z., & Chen, Y. (2013) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.004 · Cited by 14
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells express both Ghrelin and Ghrelin Receptor in vitro: a new hypothesis in favor of a neurotrophic effect
Russo, C., Patanè, M., Vicario, N., Bella, V. D., Cosentini, I., Barresi, V., Gulino, R., Pellitteri, R., Russo, A., & Stanzani, S. (2019) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2019.101997 · Cited by 14
The microbiome‐gut‐brain and social behavior
Ignatow, G. (2021) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12315 · Cited by 13
The Role of Microbiome in Psychiatric Diseases (Insomnia and Anxiety/Depression) with Microbiological Mechanisms
Niazi, M. K., Hassan, F., Tufail, T., Ismail, M. A., & Riaz, K. (2023) · Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research · doi:10.1155/2023/1566684 · Cited by 14
Cognitive Functions and Depression in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Farup, P. G., & Hestad, K. A. (2015) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2015/438329 · Cited by 13
Ion and Water Transport across the Blood–Brain Barrier
O’Donnell, M. E. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374373-2.00030-3 · Cited by 17
Glia-mediated gut–brain cytokine signaling couples sleep to intestinal inflammatory responses induced by oxidative stressPreprint
Malita, A., Skakkebaek, A. H., Kubrak, O. I., Chen, X., Koyama, T., Connolly, E. C., Ahrentløv, N., Andersen, D. S., Texada, M. J., Halberg, K. A., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99999.3 · Cited by 12
Nose-to-brain delivery of biologics and stem cells
Agrawal, M., Konwar, A. N., Alexander, A., & Borse, V. B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822522-6.00015-1 · Cited by 9
Potential roles of the gut microbiota in the manifestations of drug use disorders
Wang, Z., Hou, C., Chen, L., Zhang, M., & Luo, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1046804 · Cited by 9
Pyrrolopyrimidines: Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Properties of Novel Tricyclic Pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives
Song, B., Murtazaeva, Z., Nie, L., Kuryazov, R., Gaybullaev, S., Niu, C., Bozorov, K. A., Aisa, H. A., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30142917 · Cited by 8
An elevated level of circulating galanin promotes developmental expression of myelin basic protein in the mouse brain
Lyubetska, H., Zhang, L., Kong, J., & Vrontakis, M. E. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.031 · Cited by 9
Mechanisms linking energy balance and reproduction: impact of prenatal environment
Keen‐Rhinehart, E. (2016) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2016-0004 · Cited by 7
The ghrelin-GHSR-1a pathway inhibits high glucose-induced retinal angiogenesis in vitro by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress
Li, R., Yao, G., Zhou, L., Zhang, M., & Yan, J. (2022) · Eye and Vision · doi:10.1186/s40662-022-00291-5 · Cited by 9
From the Gut to the Brain: Transcriptomic Insights into Neonatal Meningitis Escherichia coli Across Diverse Host Niches
Edison, L. K., & Kariyawasam, S. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14050485 · Cited by 6
Blood-Brain Barrier and Cognitive Function
Zăgrean, A., Ianosi, B., Șonea, C., Opriș, I. C., & Zăgrean, L. (2017) · Springer series in cognitive and neural systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29674-6_32 · Cited by 5
Gut microbiota and central nervous system's direct bidirectional regulation: The mechanisms of the gut–brain axis in irritable bowel syndrome
Zhai, J., Li, Y., Liu, J., & Dai, C. (2026) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.70117 · Cited by 4
The 4I Hypothesis: A Neuro-Immunological Explanation for Characteristic Symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Twisk, F. (2015) · International Journal of Neurology Research · doi:10.17554/j.issn.2313-5611.2015.01.13 · Cited by 4
Brain Regulation of Feeding and Energy Homeostasis
Myers, M. G., Olson, D. P., Low, M. J., & Elias, C. F. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11251-0_22 · Cited by 5
Brain Regulation of Feeding and Energy Homeostasis
Affinati, A. H., Elias, C. F., Olson, D. P., & Myers, M. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40116-9_22 · Cited by 4
A Review of the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Memory
Benmelouka, A. Y., Sherif, A., & Ebada, M. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9636-6_8 · Cited by 4
Central Ghrelin Receptors and Food Intake
Perelló, M., & Raingo, J. (2014) · The Receptors · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0823-3_5 · Cited by 4
Commentary on the 2018 Named Series on blood-brain interfaces: Roles of neuroimmunomodulation in health and disease
Erickson, M. A., Nicolazzo, J. A., & Banks, W. A. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.016 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Challenges in the Medicinal Applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Toxicity of the Central Nervous System and Safety Issues
Singh, A. K. (2014) · Cited by 3
Cytokines and the Immune–Neuroendocrine Network
Correa, S. G., Sotomayor, C. E., & Rodriguez‐Galán, M. C. (2010) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(10)70012-0 · Cited by 3
Neuroendocrinological regulation of food intake
Karhunen, L. J., & Herzig, K. (2008) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2008.03.013 · Cited by 3
Aqueous humour levels of ghrelin in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma patients
Özeç, A. V., Dursun, A., Toker, M. İ., Demirci, Y., Topalkara, A., Erdoğan, H., Arıcı, M. K., & Ersalcan, T. (2014) · Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10384-014-0322-8 · Cited by 2
Ghrelin Levels in Patients With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Ghanem, A. A., Mady, S. E., Attia, T. N., Khattab, A. M., & Arafa, L. F. (2014) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000048 · Cited by 2
Nitrogen Oxides Induced Neurodegeneration as Examined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Tse Joyce, K. Y. (2017) · Journal of Neurology & Stroke · doi:10.15406/jnsk.2017.07.00253 · Cited by 2
Brain Regulation of Feeding and Energy Homeostasis
Myers, M. G., Olson, D. P., Low, M. J., & Elias, C. F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_22-1 · Cited by 2
Role of Brain–Gut–Microbiome Axis in Depression Comorbid with Asthma
Bhatt, S., Pai, K. S. R., Patil, C. R., Manjula, S. N., & Lakshmi, S. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8957-4_9 · Cited by 2
Brain Regulation of Feeding and Energy Homeostasis
Affinati, A. H., Elias, C. F., Olson, D. P., & Myers, M. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_22-2 · Cited by 1
Neonatal Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: Is It the Origin of Adult Diseases?
Soliman, Y. S., Elkhateb, I. T., & Aly, H. Z. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1641582 · Cited by 1
„Old Friends“, Immunregulation und Stressresilienz
Langgartner, D., Lowry, C. A., & Reber, S. O. (2020) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1037-0710 · Cited by 1
Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Peptide Hormone Release and Appetite
Khoo, J. J. C., Rayner, C. K., Feinle‐Bisset, C., & Wittert, G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_68 · Cited by 1
Phylogenetic, structural and pathogenetic basis of classiﬁcation of hypertension
Titov, V. N. (2009) · Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) · doi:10.18705/1607-419x-2009-15-3-389-399 · Cited by 1
Brain Damages by Tripanossoma cruzi Increased Blood Brain Barrier Permeability in Holtzman Rats: Blood Brain Barrier Permeability in Chagas' Disease
da Mata, J. R. (2011) · The Open Tropical Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874315301104010039
The role of gut-hypothalamus axis for feeding regulation
Toshinai, K. (2013) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.2.69
Anorexigenic and Orexigenic Gut Peptides
Petersen, P. S., & Moran, T. H. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378630-2.00045-1
Microbes-Gut-Brain Axis: A Possible Future Therapeutics Target for Gastrointestinal and Behavioral Disorder. -
Ghosh, A., Bandyopadhyay, D., Nanda, P., & Mahapatra, S. C. (2015) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
Neuropeptides II: function
Wilkinson, M., & Brown, R. E. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139045803.013
Mind the Reward: Nutrition vs. Addiction
Șonea, C., Opris, A.-L., Casanova, M. F., Opriș, I. C., & Constantinescu, M. V. (2017) · Springer series in cognitive and neural systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29674-6_21
Evaluation of human peptide/histidine transporter 1 (hPHT1/SLC15A4) function: transport kinetics utilizing a HPHT1 shRNA stably transfected knockdown in the hCMEC/D3 blood-brain barrier cell line
Knipp, G. T., Lindley, D. J., Carl, S. M., Mowery, S. A., & Roth, W. J. (2021) · Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal · doi:10.15406/ppij.2021.09.00335
No chocolate, please! - Dioxin-induced responses in feeding related behaviour and in neuronal activity
Lensu, S. (2014) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari)
Die Effekte von Testosteron und Dopamin auf depressions-ähnliche Verhaltensweisen männlicher Ratten
Buddenberg, T. (2009) · Univ. Duesseldorf: Duesseldorfer Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver
Regulation | Anorexigenic and Orexigenic Gut Peptides
Petersen, P. S., & Moran, T. H. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00508-9
Gene dosage determines the behavioural phenotype in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: analysis of the contribution of brain insulin signalling and gut microbiotaPreprint
Vera, D. M., Zambrana-Infantes, E. N., López-Gambero, A. J., Gonzalez-Jimenez, A., Navarro, J. A., Pavón, F. J., Baixerás, E., Santín, L. J., Suárez, J., Rosell‐Valle, C., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2087511/v1
Glia-mediated gut-brain cytokine signaling couples sleep to intestinal inflammationPreprint
Malita, A., Kubrak, O. I., Chen, X., Koyama, T., Connolly, E. C., Ahrentløv, N., Andersen, D. S., Texada, M. J., Halberg, K. A., & Rewitz, K. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99999.1
Depressão e microbiota intestinal: o que sabemos?
Candido, J. P. V., Souza, A. V. S., Nascimento, L. S., Farias, R. M., & Moreira, A. F. (2023) · RAMB Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira Junior Doctors · doi:10.5327/2965-0682-20234108
Regulation of food intake in teleost fish
Soengas, J. L., Conde‐Sieira, M., & Blanco, A. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90873-3.00016-6
Glia-mediated gut-brain cytokine signaling couples sleep to intestinal inflammationPreprint
Malita, A., Skakkebaek, A. H., Kubrak, O. I., Chen, X., Koyama, T., Connolly, E. C., Ahrentløv, N., Andersen, D. S., Texada, M. J., Halberg, K. A., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99999.2

Authors: Banks, W. A.
Affiliations: St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Banks, William A.
ORCID: Banks, William A.
Venue: Regulatory Peptides
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-08
Volume: 149
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 11-14
ISSN: 0167-0115 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.027
PMC: PMC2553040
OpenAlex: W2058610680
Cited by: 104
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 0.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Regulatory Peptides (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG029839)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS050547)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: blood-brain barrier, gut-brain axis, gastrointestinal hormones, insulin, amino acid transport, drug transport, nitric oxide, cytokines, appetite regulation, feeding behavior, peptide transport
MeSH terms: Animals, Biological Transport, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Central Nervous System, Humans, Insulin, Models, Biological, Leptin, Peptide Hormones, Gastrointestinal Tract, Ghrelin

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The blood-brain barrier: Connecting the gut and the brain

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks