The Double Sensor—A non-invasive device to continuously monitor core temperature in humans on earth and in space
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The objective of our study was to establish whether rectal temperature recordings in humans could be replaced by a non-invasive skin temperature sensor combined with a heat flux sensor (Double Sensor) located at the forehead to monitor core body temperature changes due to circadian rhythms. Rectal and Double Sensor data were collected continuously for 24h in seven men undertaking strict head-down tilt bed-rest. Individual differences between the two techniques varied between -0.72 and +0.55 degrees C. Nonetheless, when temperature data were approximated by cosinor analysis in order to compare circadian rhythm profiles between methods, it was observed that there were no significant differences between mesor, amplitude, and acrophase (P>0.310). It was therefore concluded that the Double Sensor technology is presently not accurate enough for performing single individual core body temperature measurements under resting conditions at normal ambient room temperature. Yet, it seems to be a valid, non-invasive alternative for monitoring circadian rhythm profiles.
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The Tcore heat-flux sensor is a validated device.
“a validated heat-flux sensor (Tcore, Dräger, Germany), connected to a miniaturized data logger (HFUM, KORA Industrie Elektronik, Germany) [44–48]”
The double heat-flux sensor technology has been successfully tested during hypothermia, bedrest, and exercise on Earth and in space.
“The double heat-flux sensor technology has been successfully tested during hypothermia, bedrest, and exercise on Earth and in space [44–48].”
The Double Sensor provides a reliable and valid estimate of core body temperature.
“This approach has been tested in various space analogs and clinical settings and has been found to provide a reliable and valid estimate of CBT20–23.”
From Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Gunga, H.-C., Werner, A., Stahn, A., Steinach, M., Schlabs, T., Koralewski, E., Kunz, D., Belavý, D. L., Felsenberg, D., Sattler, F., & Koch, J.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Dräger (Germany) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gunga, H.-C.
- Venue
- Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 169
- Pages
- S63-S68
- ISSN
- 1569-9048 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025601974
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (14431/02/NL/SH2, BBR2-2)
- European Space Agency (50WB0720)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Keywords
- core body temperature, non-invasive temperature monitoring, heat flux sensors, frons, rectal temperature, circadian rhythm, head-down bed rest, cosinor analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Extraterrestrial Environment, Humans, Male, Monitoring, Physiologic, Sensitivity and Specificity, Skin Temperature, Thermography, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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