CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 100Spaceflight effects on biologyThermoregulation and physiological responsesSpace Exploration and Technology

Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions

Open access
Stahn, Alexander C., Werner, Andreas, Opatz, Oliver, Maggioni, Martina A., Steinach, Mathias, von Ahlefeld, Victoria Weller, Moore, Alan, Crucian, Brian E. +13 more·2017·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-15560-wPMC PMC5701078
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Humans’ core body temperature (CBT) is strictly controlled within a narrow range. Various studies dealt with the impact of physical activity, clothing, and environmental factors on CBT regulation under terrestrial conditions. However, the effects of weightlessness on human thermoregulation are not well understood. Specifically, studies, investigating the effects of long-duration spaceflight on CBT at rest and during exercise are clearly lacking. We here show that during exercise CBT rises higher and faster in space than on Earth. Moreover, we observed for the first time a sustained increased astronauts’ CBT also under resting conditions. This increase of about 1 °C developed gradually over 2.5 months and was associated with augmented concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, a key anti-inflammatory protein. Since even minor increases in CBT can impair physical and cognitive performance, both findings have a considerable impact on astronauts’ health and well-being during future long-term spaceflights. Moreover, our findings also pinpoint crucial physiological challenges for spacefaring civilizations, and raise questions about the assumption of a thermoregulatory set point in humans, and our evolutionary ability to adapt to climate changes on Earth.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In astronauts during six-month International Space Station missions, core body temperature rose during rest and exercise compared with preflight baseline, and the rise was accompanied by increased interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). The authors interpret this as evidence of impaired thermoregulation in long-duration spaceflight with potential health and performance implications.

Key findings

  • Resting core body temperature increased by about 1.01 °C on the ISS compared with baseline (F(9,81) = 5.59, p < 0.001), reached a plateau after 75 days of spaceflight, and returned only slowly during recovery.
  • Maximal core body temperature during exercise increased significantly in space by an average of 1.39 °C (F(9,81) = 6.03, p < 0.001) and exceeded 40 °C in some individuals; the rate of increase during exercise rose from 0.1 °C min⁻¹ on ground to 0.15 °C min⁻¹ inflight.
  • IL-1ra showed a nearly identical time course to core body temperature (F(7,47) = 4.06, p = 0.001), with significant increases after 15, 75, and 165 days of spaceflight, and was moderately positively correlated with resting core body temperature (r(49) = 0.32, p = 0.024) and maximal exercise core body temperature (r(49) = 0.41, p = 0.003).
  • The study included 11 astronauts (7 men, 4 women), with preflight age 50 ± 4 years, height 1.77 ± 0.07 m, body weight 78.5 ± 15.7 kg, and body mass index 24.8 ± 3.5 kg/m².

Methods

  • Eleven astronauts were assessed before, during, and after six-month ISS missions. Core body temperature was measured at rest and during a standardized submaximal exercise protocol at L-90 days, flight days 15, 45, 75, 105, 135, and 165, and recovery days +1, +10, and +30.
  • Core body temperature was estimated using a non-invasive forehead heat flux sensor called the “Double Sensor,” with data recorded at 0.5 Hz and summarized as pre-exercise, exercise, and post-exercise phases; slope during exercise was obtained by linear regression.
  • IL-1ra was measured from venous blood samples collected at L-180, L-45, L-10, flight days 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180, and recovery days +0 and +30. Mixed-model analyses with subject as a random factor and time as a fixed factor were used, along with within-subject correlations for repeated measures.

Limitations

  • Stated: the small number of women (n = 4 for core body temperature and n = 2 for biochemical data) meant sex was not considered as a fixed factor.
  • Stated: the authors conclude that, “within the limits of a spaceflight experiment,” the increases might be related to persistent low-grade pro-inflammatory responses, strenuous exercise, radiation, psychological stress-induced hyperthermia, or a combination thereof; the cause is not isolated.
  • Evident from the text: the study is small (n = 11), the IL-1ra–core body temperature relationship is correlational and cannot establish causality, and ground versus ISS testing occurred under different environmental conditions (e.g., ambient temperature, humidity, pressure, O₂, and CO₂), which may confound comparisons.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Maximal core body temperature during exercise increased significantly in space on average by 1.39 °C.

    “Similarly, maximal CBT during exercise increased significantly in space on average by 1.39 °C (F (9,81) = 6.03, p < 0.001 for main effect), and even exceeded 40 °C in some individuals during the expedition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Resting core body temperature is increased by about 1.01 °C on the ISS during long-duration spaceflight compared to baseline.

    “At rest CBT was increased by about 1.01 °C on the ISS compared to baseline (F (9,81) = 5.59, p < 0.001 for main effect).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Moreover, we observed for the first time a sustained increased astronauts’ CBT also under resting conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Maximal core body temperature during exercise exceeded 40 °C in some individuals during the expedition.

    “and even exceeded 40 °C in some individuals during the expedition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    During exercise, core body temperature rises higher and faster in space than on Earth.

    “We here show that during exercise CBT rises higher and faster in space than on Earth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Core body temperature was significantly increased throughout the space mission at each time point.

    “The parameter estimates of the mixed models revealed that CBT was significantly increased throughout the space mission at each time point, reaching a plateau after 75 days of spaceflight, and only returned slowly to baseline during the recovery (Fig. 1a and b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    IL-1ra concentration is moderately positively correlated with core body temperature at rest and with maximal core body temperature during exercise during long-duration spaceflight.

    “Both CBT at rest and maximal CBT during exercise were moderately positively correlated to IL-1ra (r(49) = 0.32, p = 0.024 and r(49) = 0.41, p = 0.003 for CBT at rest and during exercise, respectively).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “and was associated with augmented concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, a key anti-inflammatory protein.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Severe core body temperature deviations (<33 °C or >40 °C) can have life-threatening consequences.

    “Severe CBT deviations (<33 °C or >40 °C) can even have life-threatening consequences3.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Bouchama, A. & Knochel, J. P. Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346, 1978–1988 (2002). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Impairments in thermoregulation are still prevalent after return to Earth, and recovery occurs only very gradually.

    “our data indicate that the impairments in thermoregulation are still prevalent after return to Earth, and recovery occurs only very gradually.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The shift in core body temperature seems to be a slow, gradual phenomenon that reaches its peak only after months of spaceflight.

    “Our data suggest that the shift in CBT seems to be a slow, gradual phenomenon that reaches its peak only after months of spaceflight.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During spaceflight, reduced gravity impairs convective heat transfer and the efficiency of evaporation.

    “During spaceflight these processes can be considerably challenged as reduced gravity impairs convective heat transfer and the efficiency of evaporation10,11.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Fortney, S. M. et al. Body temperature and thermoregulation during submaximal exercise after 115-day spaceflight. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 69, 137–141 (1998).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Polyakov, V. V., Lacota, N. G. & Gundel, A. Human thermohomeostasis onboard “Mir” and in simulated microgravity studies. Acta astronautica 49, 137–143 (2001). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This space fever has potential implications for long-term spaceflights in terms of astronauts' health, well-being, and support, including energy, nutrient, and fluid requirements as well as physical and cognitive performance.

    “Irrespective of its underlying causes, this space fever, as we may call it, has potential implications for long-term spaceflights in terms of astronauts’ health, well-being, and support, including energy, nutrient, and fluid requirements as well as physical and cognitive performance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Tight control of core body temperature is a prerequisite for maintaining physical and mental performance.

    “It is well known that the tight control of CBT is a prerequisite for maintaining physical1 and mental2 performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Hancock, P. A., Ross, J. M. & Szalma, J. L. A meta-analysis of performance response under thermal stressors. Hum Factors 49, 851–877 (2007). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Taylor, L., Watkins, S. L., Marshall, H., Dascombe, B. J. & Foster, J. The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review. Front Physiol 6, 372 (2015).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    IL-1ra plays a crucial role in downregulating core body temperature.

    “which has also been shown to play a crucial role in downregulating CBT14.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Luheshi, G. N., Gardner, J. D., Rushforth, D. A., Loudon, A. S. & Rothwell, N. J. Leptin actions on food intake and body temperature are mediated by IL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 7047–7052 (1999). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The increases in core body temperature might be related to persistent low-grade pro-inflammatory responses to weightlessness, strenuous exercise protocols, radiation, psychological stress-induced hyperthermia or a combination thereof.

    “We concluded that, within the limits of a spaceflight experiment, these increases might be related to persistent low-grade pro-inflammatory responses to weightlessness, strenuous exercise protocols, radiation, psychological stress-induced hyperthermia or a combination thereof.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has noted increases in core body temperature during spaceflight and impaired thermoregulation during space analogs, but these studies were limited to short missions and did not investigate the effect of acute physical exercise on core body temperature.

    “While previous research has noted increases in CBT during spaceflight15–17 and impaired thermoregulation during space analogs, i.e. head-down tilt bed rest18, these studies were limited to short missions and did not investigate the effect of acute physical exercise on CBT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] Dijk, D. J. et al. Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281, R1647–64 (2001). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Gundel, A., Nalishiti, V., Reucher, E., Vejvoda, M. & Zulley, J. Sleep and circadian rhythm during a short space mission. Clin Investig 71, 718–724 (1993). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Gundel, A., Polyakov, V. V. & Zulley, J. The alteration of human sleep and circadian rhythms during spaceflight. J Sleep Res 6, 1–8 (1997). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Crandall, C. G., Johnson, J. M., Convertino, V. A., Raven, P. B. & Engelke, K. A. Altered thermoregulatory responses after 15 days of head-down tilt. J Appl Physiol (1985) 77, 1863–1867 (1994). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Double Sensor provides a reliable and valid estimate of core body temperature.

    “This approach has been tested in various space analogs and clinical settings and has been found to provide a reliable and valid estimate of CBT20–23.”
    • Also stated in: § Instrumentation and measurements · plain
      “A detailed description of the sensor design and its precision, accuracy, and validity is described elsewhere20–23,25,26.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [20] Gunga, H.-C., Sandsund, M., Reinertsen, R. E., Sattler, F. & Koch, J. A non-invasive device to continuously determine heat strain in humans. Journal of Thermal Biology 33, 297–307 (2008). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Gunga, H. C. et al. The Double Sensor-A non-invasive device to continuously monitor core temperature in humans on earth and in space. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 169(Suppl 1), S63–8 (2009). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Mendt, S. et al. Circadian rhythms in bed rest: Monitoring core body temperature via heat-flux approach is superior to skin surface temperature. Chronobiol Int 34, 666–676 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Opatz, O. et al. Temporal and spatial dispersion of human body temperature during deep hypothermia. Br J Anaesth 111, 768–775 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Evron, S. et al. Evaluation of the Temple Touch Pro, a Novel Noninvasive Core-Temperature Monitoring System. Anesth Analg 125, 103–109 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Kimberger, O. et al. The accuracy of a disposable noninvasive core thermometer. Can J Anaesth 60, 1190–1196 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Deep brain temperature is slightly higher than central blood temperature in the pulmonary artery (~0.2 °C) or in the esophagus (~0.3 °C) under resting conditions on Earth.

    “Due to high metabolic activity, deep brain temperature is slightly higher than central blood temperature in the pulmonary artery (~0.2 °C) or in the esophagus (~0.3 °C) under resting conditions on Earth33.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Sessler, D. I. Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation. Anesthesiology 109, 318–338 (2008). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and by the Institutional Review Boards of the space agencies involved.

    “It was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and by the Institutional Review Boards of the space agencies involved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study.

    “all participants provided written informed consent to particpate in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Daily radiation exposure rates on board the ISS are 100 times higher than exposure rates on Earth.

    “According to recent measurements, the daily exposure rates measured on board the ISS have been described to be 100 times higher that exposure rates on the Earth42.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Reitz, G. et al. Astronaut’s organ doses inferred from measurements in a human phantom outside the International Space Station. Radiation research 171, 225–235 (2009). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Normality and homogeneity were checked by visual inspections of plots of residuals against fitted values.

    “Normality and homogeneity were checked by visual inspections of plots of residuals against fitted values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IL-1ra plays a key role in local inflammatory processes and is more sensitive than other cytokines such as IL-1β to peripheral changes in the blood.

    “In fact, IL-1ra appears to play a key role in local inflammatory processes37 and has been shown to be more sensitive than other cytokines such as IL-1β to peripheral changes in the blood compared to alterations of specific local tissues concentrations38.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Arend, W. P., Malyak, M., Guthridge, C. J. & Gabay, C. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: role in biology. Annual review of immunology 16, 27–55 (1998). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Cartmell, T., Luheshi, G. N., Hopkins, S. J., Rothwell, N. J. & Poole, S. Role of endogenous interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist in regulating fever induced by localised inflammation in the rat. The Journal of physiology 531, 171–180 (2001). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Sex was not considered as a fixed factor in the analyses due to the small number of women.

    “Due to the small number of women (n = 4 for core body temperature and n = 2 for biochemical data), sex was not considered as a fixed factor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After long-term spaceflight, the sensitivity of heat-loss responses is reduced, resulting in a faster rise in core body temperature.

    “These findings are very much in line with earlier studies, stating that after long-term spaceflight the sensitivity of the heat-loss responses is reduced, resulting in a faster rise in CBT10.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Fortney, S. M. et al. Body temperature and thermoregulation during submaximal exercise after 115-day spaceflight. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 69, 137–141 (1998).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In earlier studies, higher resting core body temperature remained elevated throughout the stay on the ISS and returned to baseline 10 days after landing.

    “In this case the higher resting CBT remained elevated throughout the stay on the ISS and finally returned to baseline 10 days after landing; these findings are also in line with observations of Dijk et al.15.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Dijk, D. J. et al. Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281, R1647–64 (2001). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Vigorous physical exercise combined with extremely high regional neuronal activity further increases cerebral metabolic rate and aggravates heat strain on the brain.

    “However, vigorous physical exercise combined with extremely high regional neuronal activity (motor and supplementary motor areas), further increases cerebral metabolic rate and as such aggravate the heat strain on the brain35.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Nybo, L. & Secher, N. H. Cerebral perturbations provoked by prolonged exercise. Progress in neurobiology 72, 223–261 (2004). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The limit of brain temperature is 44 °C for a short period of time, or 40 to 60 minutes when in the range of 42 to 42.5 °C.

    “Caputa reports that the limit of brain temperature is 44 °C for a short period of time, or 40 to 60 minutes when in the range of 42 to 42.5 °C36.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Caputa, M. Selective brain cooling: a multiple regulatory mechanism. Journal of Thermal Biology 29, 691–702 (2004). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The immune system is already affected by spaceflight per se, and vigorous exercise induces a marked impairment of the immune system.

    “While the immune system is already affected by spaceflight per se39–41, vigorous exercise induces a marked impairment of the immune system39.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Chouker, A. Stress challenges and immunity in space: from mechanisms to monitoring and preventive strategies (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Cogoli, A., Tschopp, A. & Fuchs-Bislin, P. Cell sensitivity to gravity. Science 225, 228–231 (1984). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Crucian, B. et al. Immune system dysregulation occurs during short duration spaceflight on board the space shuttle. J Clin Immunol 33, 456–465 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Novelty stress, such as exposure to unfamiliar environments, can increase core body temperature by as much as 2 °C and chronic stress can lead to stress induced hyperthermia.

    “These data indicate that novelty stress, such as exposure to unfamiliar environments, can increase CBT by as much as 2 °C and chronic stress can lead to the so-called stress induced hyperthermia43.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Oka, T. Psychogenic fever: how psychological stress affects body temperature in the clinical population. Temperature 2, 368–378 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

24 of 24

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Exercise will be one of the key countermeasures of future long-duration space missions.

    “Given that exercise will be one of the key countermeasures of future long-duration space missions (LDSM), studies investigating the effects of thermoregulation during spaceflight are critically needed.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    More than 80% of energy expenditure is converted to heat during exercise.

    “Such deficiencies could be particularly prominent during exercise, where >80% of energy expenditure is converted to heat.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Studies investigating the effects of long-duration spaceflight on core body temperature at rest and during exercise are lacking.

    “Specifically, studies, investigating the effects of long-duration spaceflight on CBT at rest and during exercise are clearly lacking.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effects of weightlessness on human thermoregulation are not well understood.

    “However, the effects of weightlessness on human thermoregulation are not well understood.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(9, 81) = 5.59reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F (9,81) = 5.59, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 81) = 6.03reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F (9,81) = 6.03, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(9, 81) = 1.45reported p = .18 · recomputed p = .181

    “F (9,81) = 1.45, p = .18”

  • ConsistentF(7, 47) = 4.06reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001

    “F (7,47) = 4.06, p = .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 53) = 18.7reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F (1,53) = 18.7, p < .001”

  • Consistentr(49) = 0.32reported p = .024 · recomputed p = .022

    “r(49) = 0.32, p = .024”

  • Consistentr(49) = 0.41reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003

    “r(49) = 0.41, p = .003”

7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • IL-1ra results name flight days without blood samples

    Major

    The results report significant IL-1ra increases on flight days 75 and 165, but the methods list blood collections on days 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180. No IL-1ra samples are described for days 75 or 165.

  • IL-1ra time-course result cites the correlation figure

    Minor

    The results cite Figure 3 for IL-1ra changes over time, but the Figure 3 caption identifies it as a plot of correlations between IL-1ra and CBT, not an IL-1ra time course.

  • Exercise-slope growth curve cites the wrong panel

    Minor

    The results cite Figure 2b for the growth curve of the exercise CBT slope. The Figure 2 caption assigns the CBT increase trajectory to panel c; panel b shows IL-1ra.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Stahn, A. C., Werner, A., Opatz, O., Maggioni, M. A., Steinach, M., von Ahlefeld, V. W., Moore, A., Crucian, B. E., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., Schlabs, T., Mendt, S., Trippel, T., Koralewski, E., Koch, J., Choukèr, A., Reitz, G., Shang, P., Röcker, L., Kirsch, K. A., & Gunga, H.-C.
Affiliations
  • Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Lamar University (US)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
  • The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
  • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
  • Dräger (Germany) (DE)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
  • Northwestern Polytechnical University (CN)
Corresponding author
Gunga, Hanns-Christian
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-11-23
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
16180-16180
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w
PMC
PMC5701078
OpenAlex
W2770453166
Semantic Scholar
428a3e2fd32b78b8440fd8337e4d6e1706fac08c
Cited by
100
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 3
FWCI
5.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
Keywords
core body temperature, astronauts, long-duration spaceflight, microgravity, thermoregulation, exercise thermoregulation, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, anti-inflammatory proteins, thermoregulatory set point, cognitive performance, astronaut health
MeSH terms
Body Temperature, Humans, Space Flight, Time Factors, Weightlessness, Astronauts

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review