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Cited by 4Cerebral Palsy and Movement DisordersAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderFamily and Disability Support Research

Clinical and Functional Characteristics of Children and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy and Co-Occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Casseus, Myriam, Cheng, JenFu, Reichman, Nancy E.·2024·Research in Developmental Disabilities
DOI 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104787
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Abstract

Background Emerging research shows that children and young adults (CYAs) with cerebral palsy (CP) are at higher risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about the clinical and functional characteristics of CYAs with these co-occurring disorders.Aim To estimate associations between a diagnosis of ADHD among CYAs with CP and clinical and functional characteristics.Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study used data from the electronic health records of CYAs (aged 4-26 years) with CP (n = 1145). We used bivariate and multivariable analyses to estimate associations between an ADHD diagnosis, CP type, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, speech or language disorder, and intellectual disability.Results 18.1 % of CYAs with CP had a diagnosis of ADHD. CYAs with spastic-bilateral CP had lower odds of ADHD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.58; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.96). Odds of having ADHD were significantly lower for those with GMFCS levels III-V (AOR = 0.10; 95 % CI, 0.06-0.15).Conclusions Our study found that a diagnosis of ADHD among CYAs with CP was associated with greater clinical and functional impairments compared to counterparts without ADHD. Findings highlight the need to screen for both conditions because of the high comorbidity rates in this population.

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  • Children and young adults with a diagnosis of ADHD in Casseus et al.'s study were less likely to have bilateral spastic cerebral palsy compared to peers without ADHD, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.58 for those with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

    “Children and young adults with a diagnosis of ADHD in Casseus et al.’s study [26] were less likely to have bilateral spastic CP compared to peers without ADHD, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.58 for those with bilateral spastic CP.”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Several studies reported ADHD prevalence rates based on electronic health records or medical/registrar records, with reported rates of 4.1%, 18.1%, 21%, and 23%.

    “Several studies reported ADHD prevalence rates based on electronic health records or medical/registrar records, with reported rates of 4.1% [13], 18.1% [26], 21% [18], and 23% [19].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Children with a Gross Motor Function Classification System level between III-V had lower odds of an ADHD diagnosis, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.10.

    “Children with a GMFCS level between III-V had lower odds of an ADHD diagnosis, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.10 [26].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Children with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III-V had a lower prevalence of ADHD compared to children with levels I-II, at 15.9% and 62.2%, respectively.

    “Children with GMFCS levels III-V, indicating more functional limitations, had a lower prevalence of ADHD compared to children with GMFCS levels of I-II, at 15.9% and 62.2%, respectively [26].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Intellectual disability was associated with ADHD in Casseus et al.'s sample, and the diagnosis of ADHD was predicted by intellectual disability (odds ratio of 2.3) in another sample.

    “ID was associated with ADHD in Casseus et al.’s [26] sample, and the diagnosis of ADHD was predicted by ID (odds ratio of 2.3) in another sample [17].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [26]

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Authors
Casseus, M., Cheng, J., & Reichman, N. E.
Affiliations
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
Corresponding author
Casseus, Myriam
ORCID
Venue
Research in Developmental Disabilities
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-08
Volume
151
Pages
104787
ISSN
0891-4222 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104787
OpenAlex
W4399993283
Cited by
4
References
35
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 2
FWCI
1.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Research in Developmental Disabilities (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords
cerebral palsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, children and young adults, Gross Motor Function Classification System, motor impairment, speech and language disorders, intellectual disability, functional disability, screening
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Male, Intellectual Disability, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Speech Disorders, Comorbidity, Young Adult

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