Clinical Prognostic Messages from a Systematic Review on Cerebral Palsy
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To summarize evidence on the rates of co-occurring impairments, diseases, and functional limitations with cerebral palsy into succinct clinical messages. METHODS: A search was conducted of the databases PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, and the results were supplemented with hand searches. Two independent reviewers determined whether retrieved abstracts met the following inclusion criteria: human subjects; >90% were children or adults with cerebral palsy; published after 1999; and population-based data. Articles were appraised, analyzing design, participants, level of evidence, rates of impairments, and functional implications. Methodologic quality was rated by using a standardized checklist. RESULTS: A total of 1366 papers were identified in the search; 82 were appraised and 30 were included in the meta-analyses. High-level evidence existed, as rated on the Oxford 2011 LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: 97% of prevalence studies were level 1. The data were of a moderate to high quality grade (with the exception of sleep disorders), allowing plain English clinical messages to be developed. CONCLUSIONS: Among children with cerebral palsy, 3 in 4 were in pain; 1 in 2 had an intellectual disability; 1 in 3 could not walk; 1 in 3 had a hip displacement; 1 in 4 could not talk; 1 in 4 had epilepsy; 1 in 4 had a behavior disorder; 1 in 4 had bladder control problems; 1 in 5 had a sleep disorder; 1 in 5 dribbled; 1 in 10 were blind; 1 in 15 were tube-fed; and 1 in 25 were deaf.
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Diagnostic difficulties may be observed for children with CP who have more associated impairments, and associated functional or clinical impairment is common for children with CP.
“Overall, diagnostic difficulties may be observed for children with CP who have more associated impairments [19], and associated functional or clinical impairment is common for children with CP [2].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
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Novak, I., Morgan, C., Adde, L., Blackman, J., Boyd, R. N., Brunstrom-Hernandez, J., Cioni, G., Damiano, D., Darrah, J., Eliasson, A.-C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1689 · Cited by 1,721 · see citing works
Self-citationWhittingham, K., Sanders, M. R., McKinlay, L., & Boyd, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv118 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
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Bjorgaas, H. M., Elgen, I. B., & Hysing, M. (2021) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100992 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Rackauskaite, G., Bilenberg, N., Uldall, P., Bech, B. H., & Østergaard, J. (2020) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.03.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mak, C., Whittingham, K., Cunnington, R., Chatfield, M., & Boyd, R. N. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1783582 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Laporta-Hoyos, O., Pannek, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Whittingham, K., Wotherspoon, J., Benfer, K., Fiori, S., Ware, R. S., & Boyd, R. N. (2022) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.02.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research
Rausch, R., Chahin, S., Miller, C., Dopheide, L., Bovio, N., Harris, A., & Patel, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124364 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Casseus, M., Cheng, J., & Reichman, N. E. (2024) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104787 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Novak, I., Hines, M., Goldsmith, S., & Barclay, R.
- Affiliations
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance (AU)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1285-e1312
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2112624928
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, comorbidities, prevalence, pain, intellectual disability, epilepsy, sleep disorders, bladder control, hip displacement, speech disorders, visual impairment, hearing loss, feeding tube dependence, functional limitations, children
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Child, Humans, Parents, Patient Education as Topic, Prognosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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