Cited by 288Vitamin D Research StudiesSchizophrenia research and treatmentMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: a Finnish birth cohort study

McGrath, John, Saari, Kaisa, Hakko, Helinä, Jokelainen, Jari, Jones, Peter, Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Chant, David, Isohanni, Matti·2004·Schizophrenia Research

DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.005

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Abstract

Objective Based on clues from epidemiology and animal experiments, low vitamin D during early life has been proposed as a risk factor for schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to explore the association between the use of vitamin D supplements during the first year of life and risk of developing schizophrenia.Method Subjects were drawn from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (n=9,114). During the first year of life, data were collected about the frequency and dose of vitamin D supplementation. Our primary outcome measures were schizophrenia, psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia, and nonpsychotic disorders as diagnosed by age 31 years. Males and females were examined separately.Results In males, the use of either irregular or regular vitamin D supplements was associated with a reduced risk of schizophrenia (Risk ratio (RR)=0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.95; RR=0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.90, respectively) compared with no supplementation. In males, the use of at least 2000 IU of vitamin D was associated with a reduced risk of schizophrenia (RR=0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.95) compared to those on lower doses. There were no significant associations between either the frequency or dose of vitamin D supplements and (a) schizophrenia in females, nor with (b) nonpsychotic disorder or psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia in either males or females.Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life is associated with a reduced risk of schizophrenia in males. Preventing hypovitaminosis D during early life may reduce the incidence of schizophrenia.

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Authors: McGrath, J., Saari, K., Hakko, H., Jokelainen, J., Jones, P., Järvelin, M.-R., Chant, D., & Isohanni, M.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Oulu University Hospital (FI)
University of Cambridge (GB)
Imperial College London (GB)
Park Centre for Mental Health (AU)
University of Oulu (FI)
Corresponding author: McGrath, John
ORCID: McGrath, John
Hakko, Helinä
Jokelainen, Jari
Jones, Peter
Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta
Isohanni, Matti
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-04
Volume: 67
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 237-245
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.005
OpenAlex: W2095440873
Cited by: 288
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 3.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: vitamin D supplementation, schizophrenia risk
MeSH terms: Adult, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Geography, Humans, Infant, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Vitamin D, Cohort Studies, Treatment Outcome, Dietary Supplements, Parturition

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Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: a Finnish birth cohort study

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