Vitamin D for health: a global perspective
Open accessAbstract
It is now generally accepted that vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem that affects not only musculoskeletal health but also a wide range of acute and chronic diseases. However, there remains cynicism about the lack of randomized controlled trials to support the association studies regarding the nonskeletal health benefits of vitamin D. This review was obtained by searching English-language studies published up to April 1, 2013, in PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (search terms: vitamin D and supplementation) and focuses on recent challenges regarding the definition of vitamin D deficiency and how to achieve optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from dietary sources, supplements, and sun exposure. The effect of vitamin D on fetal programming epigenetics and gene regulation could potentially explain why vitamin D has been reported to have such wide-ranging health benefits throughout life. There is potentially a great upside to increasing the vitamin D status of children and adults worldwide for improving musculoskeletal health and reducing the risk of chronic illnesses, including some cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, neurocognitive disorders, and mortality.
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Estimates indicate that 20% to 80% of US, Canadian, and European adults have serum 25(OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L.
“but estimates indicate that 20% to 80% of US, Canadian, and European adults have serum 25(OH)D levels below this [289]”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [289]
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“Healthy serum 25(OH)D levels are considered 50 nmol/L [288], but estimates indicate that 20% to 80% of US, Canadian, and European adults have serum 25(OH)D levels below this [289].”
BackgroundKuwabara, A., Tsugawa, N., Tanaka, K., Uejima, Y., Ogawa, J., Otao, N., Yamada, N., Masaki, T., Nishigori, C., Moriwaki, S., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hossein-nezhad, A., & Holick, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holick, Michael F.
- ORCID
- Holick, Michael F.
- Venue
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 720-755
- ISSN
- 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3761874
- OpenAlex
- W1994006843
- Cited by
- 1,298
- References
- 283
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 70.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- School of Medicine, Boston University
- National Center for Research Resources (UL-1-RR-25711, UL1RR025771)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, sun exposure, dietary sources of vitamin D, fetal programming, epigenetics, gene expression regulation, musculoskeletal health, chronic disease risk, cancer, autoimmune disease, infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes, neurocognitive disorders, mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Osteoporosis, Sunlight, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Health Behavior, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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