Testicular adrenal rest tumours in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Open accessAbstract
In adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) the presence of testicular adrenal rest tumours (TART) is an important cause of gonadal dysfunction and infertility. In the last decade several papers have focused on the origin and pathogenesis of these tumours. In this paper we review the embryological, histological, biochemical and clinical features of TART and discuss the treatment options. Furthermore, we propose a new five-stage classification of TART, based on sonographic, clinical and biochemical parameters, that may lead to a better follow up and treatment of patients with TART.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adrenal rest is most commonly found in the rete testis and has been described in the ovaries and broad ligament.
“Adrenal rest is most commonly found in the rete testis (Figure 3C) and has been described in the ovaries and broad ligament.112,113”
From Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2017) · cites this paper as [112]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Speiser, P., & White, P. C. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198711263172211 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Developmental and Functional Biology of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex*
Mesiano, S. A., & Jaffe, R. B. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.18.3.0304 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Characterization of two genes encoding human steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P-450(11) beta).
Mornet, É., Dupont, J., Vitek, A., & White, P. C. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Laurberg, P., Wallin, G., Tallstedt, L., Abraham-Nordling, M., Lundell, G., & Tørring, O. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0450 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Characterization of Two Genes Encoding Human Steroid 11β-Hydroxylase (P-45011β)
Mornet, E., Dupont, J., Vitek, A., & White, P. C. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)30030-4 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex
Curnow, K. M., Tusie-Luna, M.-T., Pascoe, L., Natarajan, R., Gu, J.-L., Nadler, J. L., & White, P. C. (1991) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-5-10-1513 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Mulaikal, R. M., Migeon, C. J., & Rock, J. A. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198701223160402 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Otten, B. J., Pasic, A., Jager, G. J., Sweep, C. G. J. F., Noordam, K., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8090 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGrath, J., Saari, K., Hakko, H., Jokelainen, J., Jones, P., Järvelin, M.-R., Chant, D., & Isohanni, M. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.005 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Disorders of Steroid 11β-Hydroxylase Isozymes*
WHITE, P. C., CURNOW, K. M., & PASCOE, L. (1994) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-15-4-421 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Long Term Outcome in Adult Males with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia1
Cabrera, M. S., Vogiatzi, M. G., & New, M. I. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7668 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Forest, M. G. (2004) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh047 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Adult Height and Fertility in Men with Congenital Virilizing Adrenal Hyperplasia
Urban, M. D., Lee, P. A., & Migeon, C. J. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197812212992505 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Testicular “Tumor” of the Adrenogenital Syndrome
Rutgers, J. L., Young, R. H., & Scully, R. E. (1988) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-198807000-00001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes
(2014) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199644438.001.0001 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Wilkins, L., Fleischmann, W., & Howard, J. E. (1940) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-26-3-385 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Developmental and Functional Biology of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex
Mesiano, S. A. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.18.3.378 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
der Grinten, H. L. C., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Blickman, J. G., Hermus, A. R., & Otten, B. J. (2007) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0201 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationClaahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Otten, B. J., Takahashi, S., Meuleman, E. J. H., Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, C., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1311 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationder Grinten, H. L. C., Otten, B. J., Hermus, A. R., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & de Kaa, C. A. H. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.051 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationKrone, N., Wachter, I., Stefanidou, M., Roscher, A. A., & Schwarz, H. P. (2001) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01359.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Adrenal zonation: clues from 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase
Rainey, W. E. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00051-9 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Suliman, H. M., Otten, B. J., Hermus, A. R., Blickman, J. G., & Jager, G. J. (2003) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-002-1786-3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationOxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes
Jessop, D. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 124 · see citing works
der Grinten, H. L. C., Otten, B. J., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Span, P. N., Ross, H. A., MEULEMAN, E. J. H., & Hermus, A. R. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0337 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationMartinez-Aguayo, A., Rocha, A., Rojas, N., García, C., Parra, R., Lagos, M., Valdivia, L., Poggi, H., & Cattani, A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0383 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Identification of a novel population of adrenal-like cells in the mammalian testis
Val, P., Jeays-Ward, K., & Swain, A. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.030 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Testis Sparing Surgery for Steroid Unresponsive Testicular Tumors of the Adrenogenital Syndrome
Walker, B. R., Skoog, S. J., Winslow, B. H., Canning, D. A., & Tank, E. S. (1997) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65023-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Avila, N. A., Premkumar, A., & Merke, D. P. (1999) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.172.4.10587136 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Avila, N. A., Premkumar, A., Shawker, T. H., Jones, J. V., Laue, L., & Cutler, G. B. (1996) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.198.1.8539414 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Long Term Outcome in Adult Males with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Cabrera, M. S. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3070 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Clark, R. V., Albertson, B. D., Munabi, A. K., CASSORLA, F. G., Aguilera, G., Warren, D. W., Sherins, R. J., & Loriaux, D. L. (1990) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-70-5-1408 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Pregnancy outcomes in women with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia
Lo, J. C., & Grumbach, M. M. (2001) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(08)70027-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
LEYDIG CELL TUMORS AND TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Rich, M. A., & Keating, M. A. (2000) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0094-0143(05)70099-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
der Grinten, H. L. C., Otten, B. J., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & Hermus, A. R. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.148 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationFertility in Women With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Hermus, A. R., Braat, D. D. M., & Otten, B. J. (2003) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000062966.93819.5b · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationAnticonvulsant effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in chemically induced seizures in mice
Kalueff, A. V., Minasyan, A., & Tuohimaa, P. (2005) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.022 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bonaccorsi, A. C., Adler, I., & Figueiredo, J. G. (1987) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59119-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Testicular masses in association with adrenogenital syndrome: US findings.
Vanzulli, A., DelMaschio, A., Paesano, P. L., Braggion, F., Livieri, C., Angeli, E., Tomasi, G., Gatti, C., Severi, F., & Chiumello, G. (1992) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.183.2.1561344 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Stikkelbroeck, N. M. L., Hermus, A. M. M., Schouten, D., Suliman, H., Jager, G., Braat, D. M., & Otten, B. (2004) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-004-2329-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationStikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Hermus, A. R. M. M., Suliman, H. M., Jager, G. J., & Otten, B. J. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2004.17.4.645 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPituitary gonadal axis and child rate in males with classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Jääskeläinen, J., Kiekara, O., Hippeläinen, M., & Voutilainen, R. (2000) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03343671 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Jääskeläinen, J., Hippeläinen, M., Kiekara, O., & Voutilainen, R. (2000) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079008687.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Quantitative assessment of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression in aldosterone-producing adenomas
Fallo, F., Pezzi, V., Barzon, L., Mulatero, P., Veglio, F., Sonino, N., & Mathis, J. M. (2002) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1470795 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hoepffner, W., Schulze, E., Bennek, J., Keller, E., & Willgerodt, H. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.024 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cutfield, R. G., Bateman, J. M., & Odell, W. D. (1983) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)47485-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
McEwan, P. E., Vinson, G. P., & Kenyon, C. J. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.e303 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Murphy, H. (2001) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/16.2.263 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Blumberg-Tick, J., Boudou, P., NAHOUL, K., & SCHAISON, G. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-73-5-1129 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sullivan, J. G., Gohel, M. S., & KINDER, R. B. (2005) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05310.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Willi, U., Atares, M., Prader, A., & ZACHMANN, M. (1991) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/bf02018626 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fertility in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
der Grinten, H. L. C., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Hermus, A. R. M. M., & Otten, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.5.677 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationOvarian `Tumor' of the Adrenogenital Syndrome
Al‐Ahmadie, H. A., Stanek, J. W., LIU, J. H., Mangu, P. N., Niemann, T., & Young, R. H. (2001) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-200111000-00015 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ectopic localisation of adrenal cortex
Souverijns, G., Peene, P., Keuleers, H., & Vanbockrijck, M. (2000) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s003309900263 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Testicular biopsy in the study of male infertility.
Wong, T.-W., Fh, S., & Ne, W. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Combes-Moukhovsky, M.-E., Kottler, M., Valensi, P. E., Boudou, P., Sibony, M., & Attali, J. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962333 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Testicular Hilar Nodules in Adrenogenital Syndrome
Shanklin, D. R. (1963) · American journal of diseases of children · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1963.02080050245001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ovarian adrenal-like tissue in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Russo, G., Paesano, P., Taccagni, G., Del Maschio, A., & Chiumello, G. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199809173391220 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Molecular Basis of Adrenal Insufficiency
Fujieda, K., & Tajima, T. (2005) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000159568.31749.4d · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tiryaki, T., Aycan, Z., Hücümenoğlu, S., & Atayurt, H. (2005) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-005-1547-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The testicular ‘tumour’ of adrenogenital syndrome—a persistent diagnostic pitfall
KNUDSEN, J. L., Savage, A. L., & Mobb, G. E. (1991) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1991.tb00239.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
TUMORS OF THE ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME: AN AGGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
Rich, M. A., Keating, M. A., Levin, H. S., & Kay, R. (1998) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62429-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Puberty and Fertility in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Otten, B. J., Stikkelbroeck, M., der Grinten, H. L. C., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2005) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000084093 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationNewell, M. E., Lippe, B. M., & Ehrlich, R. M. (1977) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)58421-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bercovici, J. P., Fiet, J., Gibault, L., Volant, A., Abalain, J.-H., Floch, H. H., Sonnet, E., & Fournier, G. (2005) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.023 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Giacaglia, L. R., Mendonca, B. B., Madureira, G., Melo, K., Suslik, C. A., Arnhold, I. J. P., & Bachega, T. A. S. S. (2001) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.4.415 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ovarian Adrenal Rest Tissue in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - A Patient Report
der Grinten, H. L. C., de Kaa, C. A. H.-V., & Otten, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.2.177 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationBenvenga, S., Smedile, G., Giudice, F. L., & Trimarchi, F. (1999) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1410231 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
TESTICULAR BIOPSY IN THE STUDY OF MALE INFERTILITY
Wong, T.-W., Straus, F. H., & Warner, N. E. (1973) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-197309000-00020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dumić, M., Janjanin, N., Ille, J., Žunec, R., Špehar, A., Zlopaša, G., Francetić, I., & New, M. I. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2005.18.9.887 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Trophic and steroidogenic effects of water deprivation on the adrenal gland of the adult female rat
Chatelain, D., Montel, V., Dickès-Coopman, A., Châtelain, A., & DELOOF, S. (2003) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00217-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Partial obstruction of the seminal path, a frequent cause of oligozoospermia in men
Belmonte, I. G., & de Serrano, M. N. M. (1998) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/13.12.3402 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mazzocchi, G., Rebuffat, P., Robba, C., Malendowicz, L. K., & Nussdorfer, G. G. (1985) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1080098 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Testicular Adrenal Rest Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Case Report
Erdoğan, Ş., Ergin, M., Çevlik, F., Yüksel, B., Tuncer, R., Tunalı, N., & Polat, S. (2006) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1385/ep:17:1:83 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An unusual case of precocious puberty
Boulware, S. D. (1997) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-199708000-00022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Obstructions of the Seminal Duct
Pomerol, J. M. (1978) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1978.tb00488.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wuesthof AR, Willig RP, Schulze W et al. Spermatogenesis is impaired in men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormone Research 1998; 50: 104.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
El-Maouche, D., Arlt, W., & Merke, D. P. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31431-9 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Clinical characteristics of a cohort of 244 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Finkielstain, G. P., Kim, M. S., Sinaii, N., Nishitani, M., Van Ryzin, C., Hill, S. C., Reynolds, J. C., Hanna, R. M., & Merke, D. P. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2102 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Turcu, A. F., & Auchus, R. J. (2015) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.002 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Nyström, H. F., Ekström, U., Granberg, S., Wedell, A., & Thorén, M. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0828 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Engels, M., Span, P. N., van Herwaarden, A. E., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., & Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00258 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationNordenström, A., & Falhammar, H. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-0712 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Witchel, S., & Azziz, R. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2010.10.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Clinical perspectives in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency
Bulsari, K., & Falhammar, H. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1189-x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., & Nordenström, A. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0656-0 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Approach to Male Infertility and Induction of Spermatogenesis
Anawalt, B. D. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2400 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Bouvattier, C., Esterle, L., Renoult-Pierre, P., de la Perrière, A. B., Illouz, F., Kerlan, V., Pascal-Vigneron, V., Drui, D., Christin-Maitre, S., Galland, F., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4124 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Turcu, A. F., Mallappa, A., Elman, M. S., Avila, N. A., Marko, J., Rao, H., Tsodikov, A., Auchus, R. J., & Merke, D. P. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3989 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Health Problems in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Reisch, N., Arlt, W., & Krone, N. P. (2011) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000327794 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Clinical outcomes in the management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Falhammar, H., & Thorén, M. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-011-9591-x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Nermoen, I., Rørvik, J., Holmedal, S. H., Hykkerud, D. L., Fougner, K. J., Svartberg, J., Husebye, E. S., & Løvås, K. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04151.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
NonClassic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Witchel, S. F., & Azziz, R. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2010/625105 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Reisch, N., Scherr, M., Flade, L., Bidlingmaier, M., Schwarz, H.-P., Müller-Lisse, U., Reincke, M., Quinkler, M., & Beuschlein, F. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1929 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease
Yates, R., Katugampola, H., Cavlan, D., Cogger, K., Meimaridou, E., Hughes, C. R., Metherell, L., Guasti, L., & King, P. (2013) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nermoen, I., Husebye, E. S., Svartberg, J. B., & Løvås, K. (2010) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0284 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Reisch, N., Rottenkolber, M., Greifenstein, A., Krone, N., Schmidt, H., Reincke, M., Schwarz, H.-P., & Beuschlein, F. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3181 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Testosterone and Male Infertility
Ohlander, S. J., Lindgren, M. C., & Lipshultz, L. I. (2016) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.006 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Al Alawi, A. M., Nordenström, A., & Falhammar, H. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-01835-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pyle, L. C., & Nathanson, K. L. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31562 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Gonadal dysfunction in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Stikkelbroeck, N., Falhammar, H., & Reisch, N. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-1093 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
King, T. F. J., Lee, M. C., Williamson, E. E. J., & Conway, G. S. (2016) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Tiosano, D., Vlodavsky, E., Filmar, S., Weiner, Z., Goldsher, D., & Bar-Shalom, R. (2010) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000295722 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Boys and Young Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Kim, M. S., Goodarzian, F., Keenan, M. F., Geffner, M. E., Koppin, C. M., Filippo, R. E. D., & Kokorowski, P. K. (2016) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.09.072 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Dehzad, F., Kamphuis-van Ulzen, K., & de Korte, C. L. (2014) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000365570 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Falhammar, H., Frisén, L., Norrby, C., Almqvist, C., Hirschberg, A. L., Nordenskjöld, A., & Nordenström, A. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01139 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bilateral Adrenalectomy in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
MacKay, D., Nordenström, A., & Falhammar, H. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00217 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Webb, E. A., & Krone, N. P. (2015) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Delfino, M., Elia, J., Imbrogno, N., Argese, N., Mazzilli, R., Toscano, V., & Mazzilli, F. (2012) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/jum.2012.31.3.383 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Histopathological and immunophenotypic features of testicular tumour of the adrenogenital syndrome
Wang, Z., Yang, S., Shi, H., Du, H., Xue, L., Wang, L., Dong, Y., & Han, A. (2011) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03861.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Long-Term Outcome of Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency
Mnif, M. F., Kamoun, M., Mnif, F., Charfi, N., Kallel, N., Naceur, B. B., Rekik, N. M., Abid, M., Mnif, Z., Sfar, M. H., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e31824369e4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bachelot, A., Golmard, J. L., Dulon, J., Dahmoune, N., Leban, M., Bouvattier, C., Cabrol, S., Leger, J., Polak, M., & Touraine, P. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0978 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Stewart, P. M., & Krone, N. P. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0324-5.00015-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mitotane for 21-hydroxylase deficiency in an infertile man
Bry-Gauillard, H., Cartes, A., & Young, J. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1410041 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Risk of gonadal neoplasia in patients with disorders/differences of sex development
Słowikowska‐Hilczer, J., Szarras‐Czapnik, M., Duranteau, L., Rapp, M., Walczak-Jędrzejowska, R., Marchlewska, K., Oszukowska, E., & Nordenström, A. (2020) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2020.101800 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Reisch, N. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0820-2085 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
O’Shaughnessy, P. J., Mitchell, R. T., Monteiro, A., O’Hara, L., Cruickshanks, L., der Grinten, H. L. C., Brown, P., Abel, M. H., & Smith, L. B. (2019) · BMC Developmental Biology · doi:10.1186/s12861-019-0189-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sonography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of testicular adrenal rest tumors
Yılmaz, R., Şahin, D., Aghayev, A., Erol, O. B., Poyrazoğlu, Ş., Saka, N., & Yekeler, E. (2018) · Polish Journal of Radiology · doi:10.12659/pjr.901986 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Çakır, E. D. P., Mutlu, F. Ş., Eren, E., Paşa, A. Ö., Sağlam, H., & Tarım, Ö. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.563 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Testicular adrenal rest tumors in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Al-Ghamdi, W. M., Shazly, M. A., & Al-Agha, A. E. (2021) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.9.20210257 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pierre, P. R., Despert, F., Tranquart, F., Coutant, R., Tardy, V., Kerlan, V., Sonnet, E., Baron, S., LORCY, Y., Émy, P., et al. (2012) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2012.09.005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mooij, C. F., Webb, E. A., der Grinten, H. L. C., & Krone, N. P. (2016) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311910 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sarafoglou, K., Merke, D. P., Reisch, N., der Grinten, H. L. C., Falhammar, H., & Auchus, R. J. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad134 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Precocious puberty in children: A review of imaging findings.
Zaki, F. M., Zuhanis, A., Rahmah, R., Raja, A., Ll, W., Aziz, D. A. A., & Zulfiqar, M. A. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.2349/biij.8.1.e6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Growth and Reproductive Outcomes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Nebesio, T. D., & Eugster, E. A. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2010/298937 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mendes-dos-Santos, C. T., Martins, D. L., Guerra-Júnior, G., Baptista, M. T. M., de-Mello, M. P., de Oliveira, L. C., Morcillo, A. M., & Lemos-Marini, S. H. V. (2018) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000492082 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ali, H. H., Samkari, A. M. N., & Arabi, H. (2013) · Avicenna Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/2231-0770.112789 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kang, M. J., Kim, J. H., Lee, S. H., Lee, Y. A., Shin, C. H., & Yang, S. W. (2011) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k11e-034 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chen, H.-D., Huang, L.-E., Zhong, Z.-H., Su, Z., Jiang, H., Zeng, J., & Liu, J.-C. (2017) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12022-016-9461-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kocova, M., Anastasovska, V., & Falhammar, H. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02323-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Long‐term health consequences of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Pofi, R., Ji, X., Krone, N. P., & Tomlinson, J. (2023) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14967 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chihaoui, M., Kanoun, F., Chaker, F., Yazidi, M., Bouchrit, K., Mizouni, H., Feki, M., Kharrat, M., & Slimane, H. (2016) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12416 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Substitution therapy in adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Reisch, N. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.11.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Inhibins and activins: Their roles in the adrenal gland and the development of adrenocortical tumors
Hofland, J., & de Jong, F. H. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bilateral Ovary Adrenal Rest Tumor in a Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Following Adrenalectomy
Zaarour, M. G., Atallah, D. M., Trak-Smayra, V. E., & Halaby, G. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13092.cr · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chaudhari, M., Johnson, E. K., Dajusta, D. G., & Nahata, L. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.11.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Growth and Reproductive Outcomes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Nebesio, T. D., & Eugster, E. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1687-9856-2010-298937 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Auer, M. K., Paizoni, L., Neuner, M., Lottspeich, C., Schmidt, H., Bidlingmaier, M., Hawley, J. M., Keevil, B. G., & Reisch, N. (2021) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105921 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
O’Shaughnessy, P. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00014-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lolis, E., Juhlin, C. C., Nordenström, A., & Falhammar, H. (2018) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2018-00082 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Breil, T., Yakovenko, V., Inta, I. M., Choukair, D., Klose, D., Mittnacht, J., Schulze, E., Alrajab, A., Grulich‐Henn, J., & Bettendorf, M. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2018-0298 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pregnancy and Prenatal Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Cera, G., Locantore, P., Novizio, R., Maggio, E., Ramunno, V., Corsello, A., Policola, C., Concolino, P., Paragliola, R. M., & Pontecorvi, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11206156 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wasnik, A. P., Maturen, K. E., Shah, S., Pandya, A., Rubin, J. M., & Platt, J. F. (2012) · Ultrasound Quarterly · doi:10.1097/ruq.0b013e3182751c0d · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jędrzejewski, G., Beń‐Skowronek, I., Woźniak, M. M., Brodzisz, A., Budzyńska, E., & Wieczorek, A. P. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.02.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stewart, P. M., & Newell-Price, J. D. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29738-7.00015-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ma, L., Xia, Y., Wang, L., Liu, R., Huang, X., Ye, T., Zhang, L., Zhu, Q., Li, J., & Jiang, Y. (2019) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-019-1231-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Case Series
Yıldırımçakar, D., Altıncık, A., Öcal, M., & Özhan, B. (2020) · Trends in Pediatrics · doi:10.5222/tp.2020.87587 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bilateral Testicular Tumors Resulting in Recurrent Cushing Disease After Bilateral Adrenalectomy
Puar, T. H. K., Engels, M., van Herwaarden, A. E., Sweep, F. C. G. J., de Kaa, C. H., Ulzen, K. K.-V., Chortis, V., Arlt, W., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., der Grinten, H. L. C., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2702 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationCharfi, N., Kamoun, M., Mnif, M. F., Mseddi, N., Mnif, F., Kallel, N., Naceur, B. B., Rekik, N., Fourati, H., Daoud, E., et al. (2012) · Case Reports in Urology · doi:10.1155/2012/648643 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chapter 19 – Testicular Disorders
Matsumoto, A., & Bremner, W. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29738-7.00019-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Güven, A., & Polat, S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.3306 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Matsumoto, A. M., & Bremner, W. J. (2011) · Williams Textbook of Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0324-5.00019-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The role of imaging in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Teixeira, S. R., Elias, P. C. L., Andrade, M. T. S., Melo, A., & Elías, J. (2014) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/0004-2730000003371 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Deshpande, S., Shetty, D. S., & Saifi, S. G. A. (2018) · Polish Journal of Radiology · doi:10.12659/pjr.902013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sisto, J., Liu, F. W., Geffner, M. E., & Berman, M. L. (2018) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2018.1441399 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Donor Activating KIR2DS1 in Leukemia
Venstrom, J. M., Dupont, B., Hsu, K. C., & Others, A. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1411443 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fertility counseling and preservation: considerations for the pediatric endocrinologist
Saraf, A. J., & Nahata, L. (2017) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp.2017.07.02 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Testicular adrenal rest tumors in a patient with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Jin, H. Y., Choi, J. H., Kim, G.-H., Lee, C. S., & Yoo, H. W. (2011) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2011.54.3.137 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sonnet, E., Roudaut, N., & Kerlan, V. (2011) · ISRN Endocrinology · doi:10.5402/2011/219494 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kassaby, S., Velilla, R. E., & Shurbaji, M. S. (2016) · Human Pathology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ehpc.2016.08.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lottspeich, C., Müller-Lisse, U., Seiler, L., Schmitt-Graeff, A. H., Reincke, M., & Reisch, N. (2019) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.03.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in a Patient with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Olpin, J. D., & Witt, B. L. (2014) · Journal of Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.3941/jrcr.v8i2.1489 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Testicular adrenal rest tumors in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: 6 years of follow-up
Werneck, G. C., Rodrigues, E. M. R., Mantovani, R. M., Lane, J. S. S., & Silva, I. N. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2018-0512 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Prenatal and Pregnancy Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Nowotny, H. F., Tschaidse, L., Auer, M. K., & Reisch, N. (2024) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15131 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Huneif, M. A., Mutairi, M. A., Alhazmy, Z. H., AlOsaimi, F. K., AlShoomi, A. M., Alghofely, M. A., & Alsaheel, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2021-0291 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Budzyńska, E., & Beń‐Skowronek, I. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MRI findings of nonobstructive azoospermia: lesions in and out of pelvic cavity
Peng, Y., Ouyang, L. Y., Lin, Z. B., Zhang, F., Wang, H. J., & Guan, J. (2019) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-019-02232-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Altieri, V. M., Altieri, B., Castellucci, R., Alba, S., Bottone, F., Fragalà, E., Mirone, V. G., & Greco, F. (2015) · Urologia Journal · doi:10.5301/uro.5000162 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yu, L., Chen, P., Zhu, W., Sun, J., & Li, S. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02883-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Uyanıkoğlu, H., Özer, G., & Kahraman, S. (2020) · Daehan saengsik uihak hoeji/Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · doi:10.5653/cerm.2020.03692 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Störungen der Geschlechtsreife
Hauffa, B. P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01912-8_20 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Large testicular adrenal rest tumours in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Rajkanna, J., & Oyibo, S. O. (2015) · Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism Case Reports · doi:10.1530/edm-14-0080 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
de Carvalho, L. O. M. C., Lora, R. M. G., Penna, C. R. R., & Beserra, I. C. R. (2016) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.40611 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Tang, P., Zhang, J., Peng, S., Wang, Y., Li, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1095719 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bachelot, A., & Touraine, P. A. (2014) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.10.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kashyap, R. K. (2018) · Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_106_17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leydig cell tumor of the spermatic cord in an adolescent affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Ferrari, M., Raber, M., Umberto Capitanio, A., Russo, G., Ferrario, M., Rizzo, N., Freschi, M., Rigatti, P., & Montorsi, F. (2012) · International Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.03074.x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Otten, B. J., Stikkelbroeck, M. M. L., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & Hermus, A. R. M. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-220
- ISSN
- 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095688197
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia, gonadal dysfunction, infertility, carcinogenesis, embryology, histology, biochemical properties, sonographic classification, treatment options, follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital, Adrenal Rest Tumor, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Ovarian Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
