The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Open accessAbstract
Poor social functioning is a hallmark of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Social functioning was assessed in a sample of 86 clinical high risk (CHR) individuals and compared to that of 50 first-episode of psychosis (FE) subjects, 53 multi-episode schizophrenia subjects (ME) and 55 non-psychiatric controls (NPC). Subjects were assessed on the Social Functioning Scale (SFS), the Role Functioning subscale of the Quality of Life Scale (QLS-role), and the premorbid functioning scale. On the SFS, the CHR group did not differ significantly from the FE and ME groups and all were impaired relative to the NPCs. On QLS-role, the CHR group performed significantly better than the ME patients and significantly worse than NPCs. CHR subjects did not differ from patients in terms of premorbid functioning. This study demonstrates that even at the pre-psychotic phase of the illness, these young people are demonstrating significant deficits in social functioning, supporting that social deficits are present long before the onset of psychotic symptoms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A significant decline in social functioning has been found across all stages of psychosis, from clinical high risk (CHR), and first episode of psychosis (FEP) to chronic schizophrenia (SZ) (Abel and Minor 2021; Addington et al. 2008; Raghavan et al. 2017)”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Addington et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A decline in social functioning is a hallmark of psychosis and often emerges before illness onset and typically develops into long‐standing difficulties (Addington et al. 2008; Carrión et al. 2013; Robinson et al. 2004).”
From Social Functioning Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Addington et al. 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Cadenhead, K. S., Ventura, J., McFarlane, W. R., Perkins, D. O., Pearlson, G. D., & Woods, S. W. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007040 · Cited by 1,800
Self-citationThe Quality of Life Scale: An Instrument for Rating the Schizophrenic Deficit Syndrome
Heinrichs, D. W., Hanlon, T. E., & Carpenter, W. T. (1984) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/10.3.388 · Cited by 1,693
The Functional Significance of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Review
Couture, S. M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl029 · Cited by 1,363
Self-citationChild developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort
JONES, P. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90569-x · Cited by 1,353
Measurement of Premorbid Adjustment in Chronic Schizophrenia
Cannon-Spoor, H. E., Potkin, S. G., & Wyatt, R. J. (1982) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/8.3.470 · Cited by 1,220
Birchwood, M., Smith, J., Cochrane, R., Wetton, S., & Copestake, S. (1990) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.6.853 · Cited by 1,157
Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk ("prodromal") group
Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., Francey, S. M., McFarlane, C. A., Hallgren, M., & McGorry, P. D. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00167-6 · Cited by 1,136
Cannon, M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Murray, R. M., & Poulton, R. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.5.449 · Cited by 783
Risk factors for psychosis in an ultra high-risk group: psychopathology and clinical features
Yung, A. R., Phillips, L., Yuen, H. P., & McGorry, P. D. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00192-0 · Cited by 778
Behavioral and Intellectual Markers for Schizophrenia in Apparently Healthy Male Adolescents
Davidson, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J., Weiser, M., Kaplan, Z., & Mark, M. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1328 · Cited by 582
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–265 of 265
Kennedy, L., Ku, B. S., Addington, J., Amir, C., Bearden, C. E., Cannon, T. D., Carrión, R. E., Cornblatt, B. A., Keshavan, M. S., Perkins, D. O., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.032 · Cited by 2
“…use demonstrated improvements in global neurocognition and functioning over time, suggesting the presence of a unique functional profile of CHR who use cannabis given that CHR youth in general typically display notable impairments in this domain (Addington et al., 2008; Ballon et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationShapiro, D. I., Woodberry, K. A., Li, H., & Seidman, L. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17336-4_3 · Cited by 2
Haas, S. S., Doucet, G. E., Antoniades, M., Modabbernia, A., Corcoran, C. M., Kahn, R. S., Kambeitz, J. P., Kambeitz‐Ilankovic, L., Borgwardt, S., Brambilla, P., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2022.100252 · Cited by 2
“Similar abnormalities are also present in people who experience attenuated or brief psychotic features and are at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, as well as other psychiatric conditions (Addington et al., 2008; Fusar-Poli et al., 2012; Fusar-Poli et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2015; Salokangas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSchematic beliefs, negative affect and paranoia in at‐risk youth
Crowter, L., Banerjee, R. A., Berry, C., & Fowler, D. G. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12373 · Cited by 3
Psychosocial Recovery-Oriented Interventions in Schizophrenia
Barlati, S., Regina, V., Deste, G., Galluzzo, A., Turrina, C., Valsecchi, P., & Vita, A. (2022) · Comprehensive approach to psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98301-7_6 · Cited by 2
Sprüngli‐Toffel, E., Studerus, E., Curtis, L., Conchon, C., Alameda, L., Bailey, B. K., Caron, C., Haase, C., Gros, J., Herbrecht, E., et al. (2024) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.sjpmh.2024.09.001 · Cited by 2
Mentalizing the Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis Model: A Staged Intervention Framework
Debbané, M., Salaminios, G., Cascone, P., & Armando, M. (2024) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2024.52.4.512 · Cited by 2
Social Isolation Rearing and Sensorimotor Gating in Rat Models of Relevance to Schizophrenia
Powell, S. B., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2015) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00009-2 · Cited by 2
Gupta, T., Antezana, L., Porter, C., Mayanil, T., Bylsma, L. M., Maslar, M., & Horton, L. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083368 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, studies indicate that those with CHR syndrome tend to have lower levels of social support and are overall more isolated (10, 29).”
BackgroundSantesteban‐Echarri, O., Rice, S., González‐Blanch, C., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815012-2.00018-3 · Cited by 2
Dissecting the psychosis continuum
van der Steen (2018) · doi:10.26481/dis.20180615ys · Cited by 2
Dodell‐Feder, D. (2017) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 2
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Youth at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis
Braun, A., Liu, L., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cornblatt, B. A., Keshavan, M. S., Mathalon, D. H., Perkins, D. O., Stone, W. S., Tsuang, M. T., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgae028 · Cited by 1
Self-citationJaffar, S., Dasti, R., & Habib, N. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70029 · Cited by 1
“…than the Urdu PANSS, thus leading to a better differentiation of the ARMS and FEP, emphasising its clinical utility in early detection and intervention (Bloemen et al. 2011; Francey et al. 2005; Häfner et al. 2004; Velthorst et al. 2010; Yung 2020; Addington et al. 2008; Lencz et al. 2003).”
Rossi, C., Antichi, L., Salve, F. D., Aldegheri, M., Basilisca, A., Facchetti, S., Riva, E., Sala, M., Scovazzi, P., Micheletti, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.049 · Cited by 1
Stevens, M., Fattal, J., Pratt, D. N., Fu, L., Haase, C. M., & Mittal, V. A. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.06.011 · Cited by 1
Parmacek, S. N., Pratt, D. N., & Mittal, V. A. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2025.100401 · Cited by 1
“…recognition paradigm deficits are well-documented in the CHR population and may be considered a vulnerability factor to converting into psychosis (Addington et al., 2008; Corcoran et al., 2015), it is critical to understand whether these deficits extend to BM processing and how it relates to…”
Marcham, L., Richardson, T. H., Kelley, N. J., & Ellett, L. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-03004-0 · Cited by 1
“However, impairments in social function - ing have been found long before psychosis onset [ 41 , 42].”
Resilience factors and their role in clinical high-risk for psychosis
Lan, P. D., Isvoranu, A., Kleim, B., Heekeren, K., Wulf Rössler, A., & Theodoridou, A. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.12.017 · Cited by 1
Muller, M. K., de Almeida, E. R., van der Tuin, S., Balafas, S. E., van den Berg, D. P. G., Núñez, D., Eisma, M. C., Schoevers, R. A., Wang, Y., Veling, W., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.02.003 · Cited by 1
How Reversible is Social Dysfunction in Autistic Spectrum Disorders?
Stone, W. S., Haller, C. S., & Hsi, X. (2012) · North American Journal of Medicine and Science · doi:10.7156/v5i3p172 · Cited by 1
Assessing social functioning in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis
Addington, J., Santesteban‐Echarri, O., Braun, A., & Lecomte, T. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.017 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDevoe, D. J. A., Lui, L., Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K. S., Cornblatt, B. A., Keshavan, M. S., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Stone, W. S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1125168 · Cited by 1
“CHR youth frequently exhibit poor premorbid functioning compared to healthy controls (10, 11), and demonstrate premorbid functioning akin to patients with psychosis (12).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReischer, H. N., Cowan, H. R., Johnson, K. M., & Mittal, V. A. (2024) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13638 · Cited by 3
“CHR youth frequently show poorer social and role functioning than their unaffected peers (Addington et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2013; Velthorst et al. 2018).”
Attachment and Social Functioning in Patients with a Psychosis Spectrum Disorder: A Mediation Study
van Bussel, E. M. M., van Aken, B. C., WILLEMS, I. E. M. G., & Mulder, C. L. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaf015 · Cited by 1
“5 ,6 Some studies suggest that this impairment contributes to a reduced quality of life, 7 and predicts relapse, and hospitalization.”
Psychological Methods of Early Intervention in Emerging Psychosis
Müller, H., & Bechdolf, A. (2016) · Key issues in mental health (Online)/Key issues in mental health (Print) · doi:10.1159/000440921 · Cited by 1
Gupta, T., Damme, K. S. F., Osborne, K. J., Vargas, T., Ristanovic, I., Frosch, I. R., Zarubin, V. C., Hitczenko, K., Williams, T. F., Cowan, H. R., et al. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00089-3 · Cited by 1
Nonverbal communication in schizophrenia: A 3-D Analysis of patients’ social interactions
Lavelle, M. (2012) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1
Adery, L. L. (2019) · Cited by 1
Bradbury, D. A. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32434503 · Cited by 1
Interactions in psychosis : linking environment, brain and genes
Collip, D. (2011) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20110914dc
Factor Structure of the Targeted Inventory on Problems in Schizophrenia
Tanaka, S., Nagase, T., Suzuki, T., Nomura, K., Takeuchi, H., Nakajima, S., Uchida, H., Yagi, G., Watanabe, K., & Mimura, M. (2013) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2013.11.1.18
Reddy, L. F. (2011) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Statucka, M. (2014) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Lincoln, S. H. (2015) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Schizophrenia, Narrative, and Neurocognitive Processes
Moe, A. M. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Veterans with early psychosis: a comparison of veterans and non-veterans
White, D. A. (2017) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · doi:10.7912/c2/1126
Cognitive Enhancement in the Early Phases of Psychosis
Caletti, E., & Siri, F. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91557-9_15
Сучасні підходи до діагностики та надання допомоги пацієнтам на продромальному етапі шизофренії
Khaustova, O. O., & Omelianovych, V. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
FORMATION OF NARRATIVES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND SCHIZOPHRENIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
Черняк, А. (2020) · ΛΌГOΣ МИСТЕЦТВО НАУКОВОЇ ДУМКИ · doi:10.36074/2663-4139.10.03
Leijdesdorff, S. M. J. (2021) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210409sl
Stacy, M. A., & Davidson, C. A. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108951760.006
Implementing Evidence-Based Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis
Glenthøj, L. B., Jankowski, S. E., Dixon, L. B., & Nordentoft, M. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108951760.008
Rocchetti, M., Sardella, A., Avila, A., Brandizzi, M., Caverzasi, E., Politi, P., Ruhrmann, S., McGuire, P. K., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.208.2.197a
Le Praecox Feeling : présentation historique du concept et aspects épistémologiques
Serafino, A.-M., Gozé, T., Hauck, C., Gauld, C., Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., Naudin, J., & Cermolacce, M. (2023) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2021.10.001
Reischer, H. N., Cowan, H. R., Johnson, K., & Mittal, V. A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ajzwv
Prodromal period of psychosis: diagnostic criteria
Венгер, О. П., Bilous, V., Striepetova, O., Kulivets, O., & Oliynyk, O. V. (2024) · Wiadomości Lekarskie · doi:10.36740/wlek202401107
de Vries, B. (2024) · doi:10.33612/diss.1084352057
Shih, Y., Tsai, C., Lee, K., Yang, H., Chou, F. H., & Hsu, C. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70032
Yeob, K. E., Kim, S. Y., Kim, Y.-Y., & Park, J. H. (2025) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-025-01691-4
“Schizophrenia is often associated with social isolation, and multiple studies suggest that social isolation tends to precede the onset of psychotic symptoms [31–33].”
Maeve, H., Alliende, L. M., Pokorny, V., Williams, T. F., Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Schiffman, J., Ellman, L. M., Strauss, G., Walker, E. F., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaf031
“33 Furthermore, poor social functioning is one of the few reliable predictors of transition to psychosis in CHR, above and beyond other risk factors such as subthreshold positive symptoms.”
Self-citationSalokangas, R. K. R., From, T., Ilonen, T., Luutonen, S. H., Heinimaa, M., Armio, R.-L., Laurikainen, H., Walta, M., Paju, J., Toivonen, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17119919
Salokangas, R. K. R., From, T., Ilonen, T., Luutonen, S. H., Heinimaa, M., Armio, R.-L., Laurikainen, H., Walta, M., Paju, J., Toivonen, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17119961
Tan, S. M. X., Lieu, M. Y., Kai, J., Yang, Z., Luke, K. K., Lwin, M. O., Lee, J., & Goh, W. W. B. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/75960
Ku, B. S., Arrant, E. J., Yuan, Q. E., Aberizk, K., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Carrión, R. E., Keshavan, M. S., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.03.024
“Social withdrawal is a well-established behavioral indicator of psychosis risk (Georgiades et al., 2023), with deficits evident before onset and comparable to those of diagnosed individuals (Jean Addington, Penn, Woods, Addington, & Perkins, 2008).”
Self-citationThe autism-schizophrenia continuum : prosodic and conversational patterns as new endophenotypes
Lucarini, V. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b674de0bz354ez4361zb6fez867240052631
Gundersen, K. B., Kristensen, T. D., Jeppesen, A. C. E., Andresen, J., Andersen, H. G., Fagerlund, B., Fusar‐Poli, P., Nordentoft, M., Ebdrup, B. H., Woods, S. W., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2026.100450
“Both CHR-P and ASD exhibit difficulties across these domains (Barbato et al., 2015; Piskulic et al., 2016; Addington et al., 2008; Pinkham et al., 2020; Scheeren et al., 2022; Velikonja et al., 2019), although direct comparisons have yielded mixed results, with some studies reporting distinct…”
Self-citationPot-Kolder, R., Reinoso, M., Liu, Y., Ellinghaus, C., Spark, J., MacMillan, I. C., Hopkins, L., Kolovos, D., Li, C., Valmaggia, L., et al. (2026) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70192
“Social functioning remains impaired, even for individuals who do not transition to a psychotic disorder (Addington et al. 2008).”
Wei, A., Fan, M., Liu, T., Gao, R.-J., Luan, P., Sun, S., Kong, L., & He, X. (2026) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-026-02301-2
Sands, B. R., Hall, N. T., Caserio, C., Schreiber, A., Gupta, T., Alexander, N., Mittal, V. A., & Haase, C. M. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.06.024
Debbané, M., Nurock, M., Abed‐Maillard, S., Ravey, F., Moser, M., Decoro, V., Drexl, K., Conchon, C., Empson, L. A., Alameda, L., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-119021
Loneliness and socio-occupational functioning in psychosis: A systematic review
Jiménez, E., Hinton, W., Reeve, S., & Oduola, S. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.09.041
Metadata
- Authors
- Addington, J., Penn, D., Woods, S. W., Addington, D., & Perkins, D. O.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Addington, Jean
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 119-124
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2292799
- OpenAlex
- W2060028231
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH066134, U01MH06634, U01MH066160, U01MH066069, U10MH066160, U01MH06634-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- social functioning, clinical high risk for psychosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Chronic Disease, Employment, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, Role, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Social Adjustment, Social Environment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
