Cited by 273Schizophrenia research and treatmentHallucinations in medical conditionsPsychological Treatments and Assessments

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The effects of individually tailored formulation-based cognitive behavioural therapy in auditory hallucinations and delusions: A meta-analysis

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van der Gaag, Mark, Valmaggia, Lucia R., Smit, Filip·2014·Schizophrenia Research

DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.016

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Abstract

There is no meta-analysis of cognitive behavioural therapy for delusions and hallucinations separately. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the end-of-treatment effects of individually tailored case-formulation cognitive behavioural therapy on delusions and auditory hallucinations using symptom-specific outcome measures. A systematic search of the trial literature was conducted in MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO and EMBASE. Eighteen studies were selected with symptom specific outcome measures. Hedges' g was computed and outcomes were pooled meta-analytically using the random-effects model. Our main analyses were with the selected studies with CBT using individually tailored case-formulation that aimed to reduce hallucinations and delusions. The statistically significant effect-sizes were 0.36 with delusions and 0.44 with hallucinations, which are modest and in line with other recent meta-analyses. Contrasted with active treatment, CBT for delusions lost statistical significance (0.33), but the effect-size for CBT for hallucinations increased (0.49). Blinded studies reduced effect-size in delusions (0.24) and gained some in hallucinations (0.46). There was no heterogeneity in hallucinations and moderate heterogeneity in delusion trials. We conclude that CBT is effective in treating auditory hallucinations. CBT for delusions is also effective, but the results must be interpreted with caution, because of heterogeneity and the non-significant effect-sizes when compared with active treatment.

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Authors: van der Gaag, M., Valmaggia, L. R., & Smit, F.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
Trimbos Institute (NL)
ORCID: van der Gaag, Mark
Valmaggia, Lucia R.
Smit, Filip
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-06
Volume: 156
Issue: 1
Pages: 30-37
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.016
OpenAlex: W2085488608
Cited by: 271
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 5
FWCI: 3.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy, case formulation
MeSH terms: Delusions, Hallucinations, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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The effects of individually tailored formulation-based cognitive behavioural therapy in auditory hallucinations and delusions: A meta-analysis

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