Cited by 579Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsUrban Stormwater Management SolutionsWater Quality and Pollution Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions

KOLPIN, D, SKOPEC, M, MEYER, M, FURLONG, E, ZAUGG, S·2004·Science of The Total Environment

DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

During 2001, 76 water samples were collected upstream and downstream of select towns and cities in Iowa during high-, normal- and low-flow conditions to determine the contribution of urban centers to concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in streams under varying flow conditions. The towns ranged in population from approximately 2000 to 200,000. Overall, one or more OWCs were detected in 98.7% of the samples collected, with 62 of the 105 compounds being found. The most frequently detected compounds were metolachlor (pesticide), cholesterol (plant and animal sterol), caffeine (stimulant), beta-sitosterol (plant sterol) and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (caffeine degradate). The number of OWCs detected decreased as streamflow increased from low- (51 compounds detected) to normal- (28) to high-flow (24) conditions. Antibiotics and other prescription drugs were only frequently detected during low-flow conditions. During low-flow conditions, 15 compounds (out of the 23) and ten compound groups (out of 11) detected in more than 10% of the streams sampled had significantly greater concentrations in samples collected downstream than in those collected upstream of the urban centers. Conversely, no significant differences in the concentrations were found during high-flow conditions. Thus, the urban contribution of OWCs to streams became progressively muted as streamflow increased.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999–2000: A National Reconnaissance
Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., & Buxton, H. T. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es011055j · Cited by 7,953
Self-citation
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Agents of Subtle Change?
Daughton, C. G., & Ternes, T. A. (1999) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.99107s6907 · Cited by 4,703
Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers
Ternes, T. A. (1998) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00099-2 · Cited by 3,502
Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment- A review
Halling-Sørensen, B., Nors Nielsen, S., Lanzky, P. F., Ingerslev, F., Holten Lützhøft, H. C., & Jørgensen, S. E. (1998) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00354-8 · Cited by 3,285
Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data
Heberer, T. (2002) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00041-3 · Cited by 2,995
Statistical Methods in Water Resources
Helsel, D. R., & Hirsch, R. M. (1992) · Studies in environmental science · doi:10.1016/s0166-1116(08)x7035-9 · Cited by 2,892
Response to Comment on “Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999−2000: A National Reconnaissance”
Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., & Buxton, H. T. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0201350 · Cited by 1,706
Self-citation
Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Drinking Water Treatment
Ternes, T. A., Meisenheimer, M., McDowell, D. C., Sacher, F., Brauch, H., Haist-Gulde, B., Preuß, G., Willme, U., & Zullei-Seibert, N. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es015757k · Cited by 1,293
Something from “Nothing” − Eight Weak Estrogenic Chemicals Combined at Concentrations below NOECs Produce Significant Mixture Effects
Silva, E., Rajapakse, N., & Kortenkamp, A. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0101227 · Cited by 914
Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phenolic Compounds and Estrogens in Surface and Drinking Water by HRGC−(NCI)−MS in the Picogram per Liter Range
Kuch, H., & Ballschmiter, K. (2001) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es010034m · Cited by 740

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 40 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–575 of 575

Implementing Effective Monitoring Sites for Emerging Contaminants from the Assessment of Their Critical Areas: Comparative Studies of Multiple Watersheds in the United States
Park, M., & Park, M. H. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001078 · Cited by 1
A REVIEW OF CURRENT ANALYTICAL METHODS
Nicholson, B. W. (2006) · Cited by 1
Spatial and seasonal distribution of pesticides in the waters of Azagny area (Grand Lahou, Cote d’Ivoire)
N’dohou, E. H. N., Gervais, N. K., Paul, G. U., Kamelan, T. M., Yao, K. M., & Paul, K. E. (2023) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11179-9 · Cited by 1
Developing a Watershed-Level Protocol for Choosing Indicator Compounds for EDCs/PPCPs Using Analytical Methods and Chemometrics
Srinivasan, V. N. (2012) · doi:10.7275/xvym-nj73 · Cited by 1
Medicamentos de consumo humano en el agua, propiedades físico-químicas
Alvariño, C. R. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
Facilitated Transport of Triclosan in the Receiving Environment of an Onsite Wastewater Treatment System: Agent of Aquatic Concern
Roach, A. (2006) · Cited by 1
Metal-Organic-Framework (MOFs) and Environmental Application
Şen, F. (2019) · Materials research foundations · doi:10.21741/9781644900291-4 · Cited by 1
Scenario of Worldwide Preponderance of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Hydrosphere
Patni, K., Pande, C., & Joshi, T. (2020) · Springer transactions in civil and environmental engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4668-6_9 · Cited by 1
HASTANE ATIKSULARINDAKİ MİKROKİRLETİCİLER VE MİKROKİRLETİCİLERİN MEMBRAN BİYOREAKTÖRLERDE GİDERİMİ
Karakaş, İ., Kaya, Y., Vergili, İ., Özçelep, Z., & Yılmaz, G. (2022) · Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi · doi:10.21923/jesd.918509 · Cited by 1
Occurrence of Selected Pharmaceutical and Organic Wastewater Compounds in Effluent and Water Samples from Municipal Wastewater and Drinking-Water Treatment Facilities in the Tar and Cape Fear River Basins, North Carolina, 2003-2005
Ferrell, G. M. (2009) · Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World · doi:10.3133/ofr20091046 · Cited by 1
Emerging Chemicals and Analytical Methods
Morley, M. C., Snow, D. D., & Kuppig, V. D. (2005) · Water Environment Research · doi:10.2175/106143005x54326 · Cited by 1
Source Characterization and Pretreatment Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Healthcare Facility Wastewater
Nagarnaik, P. M. (2012) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 1
Assessment of pharmaceutical residue levels in three Irish sewage treatment plants
Lacey, C. A., Morrissey, A., & Tobin, J. (2008) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Développement de techniques analytiques pour la détermination des agents anti-infectieux dans les eaux environnementales
Segura, P. A. (2009) · doi:10.71781/11863 · Cited by 1
The Fate and Effects of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment
Williams, M. J. (2007) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 1
Assessment of Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Downstream of Domestic Wastewater Effluents in the Bayous of Harris County
Watkins, C. (2012) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 1
Determinação dos desreguladores endócrinos bisfenol-A, b-estradiol, 17 a-etinilestradiol e estrona no rio Paraíba do Sul
Chaves, K. S. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.97.2016.tde-24032016-090046 · Cited by 1
The Mechanisms, Products, and Kinetics of Triclosan-Free Chlorine Reactions
Wigginton, K. R. (2004) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Advanced Oxidation Processes of Trace Organics in Water by Solar Photolysis
Hantoosh, M. (2016) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Identifying the Potential Sources of Contaminants to the Welland Canal, the Major Source of Drinking Water in the Niagara Region
Labbaf, Z. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14652693 · Cited by 1
References
(2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470369340.refs · Cited by 1
In-Situ Multi-Mode Extraction (Imme) Sampler for a Wide-Scope Multi-Residue Analysis of Chemicals of Emerging Concern and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Aqueous Environment in Urban Areas and Remote (Off-the-Grid) LocationsPreprint
Sims, N. F., Holton, E., Archer, E., Botes, M., Wolfaardt, G. M., & Kasprzyk‐Hordern, B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4189361 · Cited by 1
Investigating Photosensitized Properties of Natural Organic Matter and Effluent Organic Matter
Niu, X.-Z. (2013) · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) · doi:10.25781/kaust-65slb
Comparação ecotoxicológica de princípios ativos de repelentes para invertebrados aquáticos irradiados e não irradiados com radiação gama
Gimiliani, G. T. (2013) · doi:10.11606/d.85.2013.tde-31052013-093710
Trace Contaminants: Implications for Water Quality Sustainability
(2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118891094.ch12
Occurrence and effects of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems
Hughes, S. R. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Hazard assessment of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan for marine periphyton : Ecotoxicology, Pollution Induced Community Tolerance and Co-Tolerance
Johansson, H. (2014) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Method Development for the Occurance of Residual Antibiotics in Drinking Water
Weinberg, H. S., Ye, Z., & Meyer, M. T. (2004) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Self-citation
Ground Water, Western Montana
Godfreyl, E., WOESSNER, W. W., & Benotti, M. J. (2007)
Comparison of equilibrium and non-equilibrium distribution coefficients for the human drug carbamazepine in soil
Lane, N. C. (2014)
Sorption Characteristics of the Human Antibiotics to Activated Sludge
Yasojima, M., Harada, A., Komori, K., & Suzuki, Y. (2006) · Environmental Engineering Research · doi:10.11532/proes1992.43.95
Compounds of emerging concern in the San Antonio River Basin, Texas, 2011–12
Lambert, R. B., & Opsahl, S. P. (2016) · Fact sheet · doi:10.3133/fs20163071
Novel Approaches For Assessment Of Copper Toxicity: Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry And Optical Bioassays
Tremonti, A. R. (2016) · Human Biology
Temporal variation of pharmaceuticals in Indiana streams and degradation potential by sediment microbial communities
Veach, A. M. (2011) · Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)
Pharmaceutical compounds in treatment wetlands: potential removal and effects on microbial processes
Conkle, J. L. (2010) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3671
The effects of environmental contaminants and ocean acidification on reproductive success in marine invertebrates
Zanuri, N. B. M., & Binti, N. (2017)
The Sources and Transport of Organic Contaminants in Urban Watersheds: Unraveling the Effects of Land Use, Hydrology, and Chemical Properties
Parajulee, A. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Presence and Potential Sources of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Chemicals in Messalonskee Lake
Kullberg, A. T. (2018) · Digital Commons - Colby (Colby College)
An Examination of Cyanotoxins and Environmental Estrogens in the Middle and Upper Potomac River Watershed, USA
Braham, R. P. (2018) · doi:10.33915/etd.5253
Estudios ecotoxicológicos para la gestión sustentable de efluentes líquidos urbanos y pecuarios
Herrero, I. V. P. (2020) · doi:10.35537/10915/89736
Removal of 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) Precursors during Water Treatment Biofiltration
Mian, N. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Riscos ambientais e para saúde humana da liberação de compostos estrogênicos residuais em ambientes aquáticos
Alamino, D. A., & Silva, D. C. V. R. (2021) · doi:10.4322/978-65-86819-07-6-03
Recent Advances in Water Management: Saving, Treatment and Reuse
Melián, J. A. H., & Méndez, J. A. O. (2018) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03897-032-3
Environmental Technologies for CEC: Physical Treatment Technologies
Baruah, U., Konwar, A., Gogoi, N., & Gogoi, B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822263-8.00011-7
Removal of trace organic chemicals by membrane bioreactors and hybrid processes
Wijekoon, K. C. (2015) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
Occurrences and impacts of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soils and groundwater
Yang, Y., Zheng, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., & Gao, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824088-5.00006-9
Methods to Identify Sources of Reactive Nitrogen Contamination
Katz, B. G. (2020) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119513933.ch4
Active Pharmaceutical Principles and their Metabolites in the Environment: A Major Health Hazard to the Human Beings and Living Organisms
Naeem, S. S. (2018) · Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials · doi:10.23880/apct-16000126
Combined Granular Activated Carbon And UV/H₂O₂Processes For The Treatment Of Pharmaceutical Wastewater
Shah, K. K. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14662317
In-Situ Multi-Mode Extraction (Imme) Sampler for a Wide-Scope Multi-Residue Analysis of > 100 2 Chemicals of Emerging Concern (Cec) and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Aqueous 3 Environment in Urban Areas and Remote (Off-the-Grid) LocationsPreprint
Sims, N. F., Holton, E., Archer, E., Botes, M., Wolfaardt, G. M., & Kasprzyk‐Hordern, B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4104069
Otimização de tratamento multibarreira para remoção de microcontaminantes de efluente secundário
Rodrigues, I. M. S. (2020) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2020.1161727
Prevalence and Impact of Emerging Chemical Contaminants in the Life Style Products on Human Health
Das, C. (2024) · Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences · doi:10.13005/ojps09.01.03
Biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna at Lake Taoura (Souk-Ahras, North East Algeria)
Benmalek, L., Bendali-Saoudi, F., Mahmoudi, K., & Soltani, N. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research · doi:10.34188/bjaerv7n4-116
Triklosan Pestisitinin Dünü, Bugünü, Geleceği ve Çevresel Arıtımı
Kağızman, E. B., Ergen, Ş. F., & Taştan, B. E. (2024) · Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi · doi:10.54370/ordubtd.1411365
Impact of ultraviolet filters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from recreational activities on water reservoirs in southeast Queensland Australia
Verhagen, R., Veal, C., O'Malley, E., Gallen, M., Sturm, K., Bartkow, M., & Kaserzon, S. (2025) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf007
Modeling the Effects of Chronic Toxicity of Pharmaceutical Chemicals on the Life History Strategies of Ceriodaphnia Dubia: a Multigenerational Study
Lamichhane, K. (2013) · doi:10.12794/metadc407771
Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants
Vallero, D. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31446-9.00008-0
Etude de la matière organique dissoute fluorescente naturelle et anthropique en Méditerranée côtière nord-occidentale.
Ferretto, N. (2014) · doi:10.70675/e3cd60a2zc85ez4cfdzb9b1z8b3d8f6f2b5d
Contamination par les polluants organiques persistants et émergents une étude de cas : la rivière Kadicha
Merhabi, F. (2019) · doi:10.70675/c3ae97baz0969z4b62za029z24309b48c1b0
Compréhension de la dynamique particulaire d'un bassin versant périurbain par géochimie multi-élémentaire organique et minérale
Ledieu, L. (2020) · doi:10.70675/e21d6442z39c7z411eza310z7f9159d05e50
Industrial, residential, and treated effluents contribute to synthetic musk pollution in Australian waterways
Paige, T., Taleski, D., Lu, J., Nguyen, H., BUDDHADASA, S. C., Nugegoda, D., & Pettigrove (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128360
Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of cimetidine by using SnS2/TiO2 nanocomposite under simulated solar light
Guo, Z., Lin, H. H., Yang, J.-S., & Lin, A. Y. (2026) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.110410
Environmental and Spatial Variables Influencing Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Watersheds Across Central NY
Basijokaite, R., Wang, S., Zeng, T., & Kelleher, C. A. (2026) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.70623
Computer-Aided Rational Hapten Design for Broad-Spectrum Monoclonal Antibody Development against Anthraquinones and Its Application in Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Li, J., Guo, L., Wu, X., Sun, M., Xu, L., Xu, C., Kuang, H., & Xu, X. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c00568
Facile synthesis and physicochemical properties of oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (O-g-C3N4) for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue
Бекбергеновна, С. Г., Тураевич, К. Н., АКБАРОВ, Х., Aytmuratova, A., Usnatdinova, S., Mamatov, J., Otajonov, O., Muyassarova, R., & Tileubaev, S. (2026) · Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii · doi:10.32434/0321-4095-2026-167-4-30-42
Bioethics
Vallero, D. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44925-3.00008-9
Appraisal and fingerprinting of contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater ecosystems: A case study in Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Alula, G. A., Masindi, V., & Foteinis, S. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.124844
Biotransformation of cimetidine by Chlamydomonas sp. SI-16: CYP450-driven detoxification and immobilized photobioreactor validation
Li, K., Liu, J., Cheng, Y., Zhou, C., Shan, K., Peng, C., Yan, W., Liu, Y., Xu, A., & Zuo, M. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143443
Assessing Active and Passive Sampling Techniques for Contaminants of Emerging Concern in a Nested Agricultural Watershed
Kibuye, H. J., Veith, T. L., Groh, T. A., & Preisendanz, H. E. (2026) · Journal of Natural Resources and Agricultural Ecosystems · doi:10.13031/jnrae.16708
Pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in environmental waters: A systematic review and quantitative analysis of global trends 2004–2021. Part 2
Coelho, F. D. A., Morgan, R. M., & Campos, L. C. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2026.105164
Screening of pharmaceuticals and other pollutants of concern by a combination of chemical and biological methods
Azua, A. (2005) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi14032388
Ökotoxikologische Wirkungen von Pharmazeutikarückständen auf aquatische Organismen
Fent, K. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-33638-9_8
Reach-scale predictions of the fate and transport of contaminants of emerging concern at Fourmile Creek in Ankeny, Iowa
Cullin, J. A. (2014) · doi:10.17077/etd.wwrwtj93
Abundance of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in near-shore habitats of Lake Michigan
Ferguson, P. J. (2012) · Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)
Dinámica de microcontaminantes orgánicos en aguas de riego aagrícola y su incorporación potencial en especies vegetales de interés agronómico
Calderón-Preciado, D. (2012) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-94988

Authors: KOLPIN, D., SKOPEC, M., MEYER, M., FURLONG, E., & ZAUGG, S.
Affiliations: United States Geological Survey (US)
Iowa Geological Survey (US)
Corresponding author: KOLPIN, D
ORCID: KOLPIN, D
SKOPEC, M
MEYER, M
FURLONG, E
Venue: Science of The Total Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-07-26
Volume: 328
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 119-130
ISSN: 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015
OpenAlex: W1980686360
Cited by: 579
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 31.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Geological Survey
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
Keywords: pharmaceuticals, urban rivers, urban runoff, metolachlor, cholesterol, β-sitosterol, caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, antibiotics, prescription drugs, Iowa streams
MeSH terms: Chromatography, Liquid, Cities, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Environmental Monitoring, Iowa, Mass Spectrometry, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Rivers

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks