Early testing of new sanitation technology for urban slums: The case of the Blue Diversion Toilet
Open accessAbstract
The toilets used most in informal urban settlements have detrimental consequences for the environment and human health due to the lack of proper collection and treatment of toilet waste. Concepts for safe, sustainable and affordable sanitation systems exist, but their feasibility and acceptance have to be investigated at an early stage of development, which is difficult due to the high costs of building working models. In this paper, we present an approach to estimate acceptance in a valid and representative form with only one working model, and apply it to test an innovative zero-emission toilet with recycling of wash water. Four basic principles were specified for investigation and nine hypotheses formulated to test the feasibility and acceptance of these principles: source separation of urine and feces with subsequent collection for resource recovery; provision of wash water in a separate cycle with on-site recovery through a membrane bioreactor; a convenient and attractive overall design; and a financially sustainable business plan. In Kampala (Uganda), in 2013, data was collected from 22 regular users, 308 one-time users and a representative sample of 1538 participants. Qualitative data was collected from the users, who evaluated their likes, perceived benefits, social norms and expected ease of use based on verbal and visual information. Most of the hypotheses were confirmed, indicating the feasibility and acceptance of the basic principles. Source separation and on-site water recovery were found to be feasible and accepted, provided users can be convinced that the emptying service and water recovery process work reliably. In the survey, the toilet was evaluated favorably and 51% of the participants agreed to be placed on a bogus waiting list. However, some design challenges were revealed, such as the size of the toilet, hiding feces from view and improving the separation of urine and water.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Offensive odour was cited by Matsebe & Osman [20] and Tsiagbey et al. [32] as a barrier to the acceptance of household latrine technologies in their assessment of the urine diversion dry toilet.
“This singular reason (offensive odour) was further cited by Matsebe & Osman, [20] and Tsiagbey et al. [32] as a barrier to the acceptance of household latrine technologies in their assessment of the urine diversion dry toilet.”
From Early live-prototype testing of a low-cost latrine technology for rural and peri-urban communities: The case of a modified pour-flush latrine (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
In Design principles (Principle 1; page unavailable), the paper says UDDTs reduce odor and attributes their low acceptance partly to poor comfort and unhygienic appearance, not offensive odor. Its Results (Principle 3; page unavailable) report an odor problem with the Blue Diversion Toilet’s recovered water, but say users continued to use that water despite it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLatrines with intense odour are perceived as unhygienic and as an indication of the presence of insects on latrines.
“Latrines with intense odour are therefore perceived as unhygienic [32] as it is also an indication of the presence of insects on latrines.”
From Early live-prototype testing of a low-cost latrine technology for rural and peri-urban communities: The case of a modified pour-flush latrine (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Results (Principle 2; page unavailable) say users had mixed feelings about the toilet’s recovered water primarily because of odor problems and also doubted its quality. The Discussion says the smell led to more negative evaluations, but does not establish that odorous latrines were perceived as unhygienic. The Results mention flies separately, without linking their presence to odor. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Tsiagbey et al. [32], only 9% of respondents stated adequate privacy as a reason for their satisfaction with the urine diversion toilet.
“The issue of privacy was given low priority in the studies by Tsiagbey et al. [32] where only 9% of the respondents stated adequate privacy as a reason for their satisfaction with the urine diversion toilet.”
From Early live-prototype testing of a low-cost latrine technology for rural and peri-urban communities: The case of a modified pour-flush latrine (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Methods and Results describe evaluations of the Blue Diversion Toilet, including percentages of comments on its features, but do not report adequate privacy as a reason for satisfaction. Searches of our copy for Tsiagbey, privacy, and 9% found no passage supporting the attributed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587 · see citing works
Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732305276687 · Cited by 44,601 · see citing works
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203710753-35 · Cited by 37,557 · see citing works
Qualitative research: Methods in the social sciences
(2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e668352010-001 · Cited by 10,620 · see citing works
Shafer, S. M., Smith, H. J., & Linder, J. C. (2005) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2004.10.014 · Cited by 1,608 · see citing works
Karnowski, V., & Kümpel, A. S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09923-7_9 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Marketing and Discontinuous Innovation: The Probe and Learn Process
Lynn, G. S., Morone, J. G., & Paulson, A. S. (1996) · California Management Review · doi:10.2307/41165841 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world
Larsen, T. A., Hoffmann, S., Lüthi, C., Truffer, B., & Maurer, M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8641 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscontinuous Innovation and the New Product Development Process
Veryzer, R. W. (1998) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1016/s0737-6782(97)00105-7 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Radical Innovation: How Mature Companies Can Outsmart Upstarts
Leifer, R. P. (2000) · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Radical Innovation: How Mature Companies can Outsmart Upstarts
Bessant, J. (2001) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(01)00043-8 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review
Graham, J. P., & Polizzotto, M. L. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1206028 · Cited by 431 · cited 3× · see citing works
“However, with close to two billion people relying on this technology (Graham and Polizzotto, 2013), methane emissions could be substantial.”
BackgroundSource Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management
Larsen, T. A., Udert, K. M., & Lienert, J. (2013) · IWA Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2166/9781780401072 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationEutrophication and nutrient release in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa--a review.
Nyenje, P., Foppen, J., Uhlenbrook, S., Kulabako, R., & Muwanga, A. (2010) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.020 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes
Breckler, S., & Wiggins, E. C. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(89)90022-x · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Desalinated versus recycled water: Public perceptions and profiles of the accepters
Dolničar, S., & Schäfer, A. I. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.02.003 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
User involvement competence for radical innovation
Lettl, C. U. (2007) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2007.01.004 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The human side of radical innovation
O’Connor, G. C., & McDermott, C. M. (2004) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2003.12.002 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Predation influences the structure of biofilm developed on ultrafiltration membranes
Derlon, N., Peter-Varbanets, M., Scheidegger, A., Pronk, W., & Morgenroth, E. (2012) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.031 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationStabilization of flux during dead-end ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration
Peter-Varbanets, M., Hammes, F., Vital, M., & Pronk, W. (2010) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.020 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationHygiene: new hopes, new horizons
Curtis, V., Schmidt, W., Luby, S., Florez, R., Touré, O., & Biran, A. (2011) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70224-3 · Cited by 228 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2013), and is also effective against respiratory illnesses (Curtis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSurveying subjective phenomena
(1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90038-u · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Socio-economic aspects of improved sanitation in slums: A review
Isunju, J. B., Schwartz, K., Schouten, M. A., Johnson, W. P., & van Dijk, M. P. (2011) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.03.008 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2016) · Millennium development goals report · doi:10.18356/6cd11401-en · Cited by 180 · see citing works
High Acceptance of Urine Source Separation in Seven European Countries: A Review
Lienert, J., & Larsen, T. A. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es9028765 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationPit Latrine Emptying Behavior and Demand for Sanitation Services in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Jenkins, M., Cumming, O., & Cairncross, S. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120302588 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Katukiza, A. Y., Ronteltap, M., Oleja, A., Niwagaba, C. B., Kansiime, F., & Lens, P. N. L. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.032 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Pro-poor sanitation technologies
Paterson, C., Mara, D., & Curtis, T. P. (2007) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.08.006 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Semiyaga, S., Okure, M. A. E., Niwagaba, C. B., Katukiza, A. Y., & Kansiime, F. (2015) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hands and Water as Vectors of Diarrheal Pathogens in Bagamoyo, Tanzania
Mattioli, M. C. M., Pickering, A. J., Gilsdorf, R. J., Davis, J., & Boehm, A. B. B. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es303878d · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Starkl, M., Brunner, N., & Stenström, T. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3048416 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A psychosocial analysis of the human-sanitation nexus
Rosenquist, L. E. D. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Tenure security and household investment decisions for urban sanitation: The case of Dakar, Senegal
Scott, P., Cotton, A. P., & Khan, M. S. (2013) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.02.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Business model innovation in the water sector in developing countries
Gebauer, H., & Saul, C. J. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.046 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationUddin, S. M. N., Muhandiki, V. S., Sakai, A., Mamun, A. A., & Hridi, S. M. (2014) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.02.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Global Methane Emissions from Pit Latrines
Reid, M. C., Guan, K., Wagner, F., & Mauzerall, D. L. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es501549h · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A study of WC derived sewer solids
(1996) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/0273-1223(96)00365-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Feasibility analysis of wastewater and solid waste systems for application in Indonesia
Kerstens, S. M., Leusbrock, I., & Zeeman, G. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.077 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A new approach to nationwide sanitation planning for developing countries: Case study of Indonesia
Kerstens, S. M., Spiller, M., Leusbrock, I., & Zeeman, G. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.104 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kennedy-Walker, R., Evans, B., Amézaga, J. M., & Paterson, C. (2013) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2013.164 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A study of WC derived sewer solids
Friedler, E., Brown, D. M., & Butler, D. (1996) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.1996.0166 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Decision Support for Redesigning Wastewater Treatment Technologies
McConville, J. R., Künzle, R., Messmer, U., Udert, K. M., & Larsen, T. A. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es501854x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSustainable Use of Arsenic-Removing Sand Filters in Vietnam: Psychological and Social Factors
Tobias, R. M., & Berg, M. D. V. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es102076x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationBarriers and strategies for dry sanitation in large-scale and urban settings
y Vázquez, A. C., & Knuth, B. A. (2005) · Urban Water Journal · doi:10.1080/15730620500386511 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Robust planning of sanitation services in urban informal settlements: An analytical framework
Schmitt, R., Morgenroth, E., & Larsen, T. A. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAn energy-efficient membrane bioreactor for on-site treatment and recovery of wastewater
Künzle, R., Pronk, W., Morgenroth, E., & Larsen, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2015.116 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationEditorial: Can we afford to overlook hand hygiene again?
Greenland, K., Cairncross, S., Cumming, O., & Curtis, V. A. (2013) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12055 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Blue Diversion: a new approach to sanitation in informal settlements
Larsen, T. A., Gebauer, H., Gründl, H., Künzle, R., Lüthi, C., Messmer, U., Morgenroth, E., Niwagaba, C. B., & Ranner, B. (2014) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2014.115 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Keefe, M., Messmer, U., Lüthi, C., & Tobias, R. M. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2015.1007842 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Jackson B. A Review of EcoSan Experience in Eastern and Southern Africa. Water & Sanitation Program Field Note 2005 Washington D.C USA 16 http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-295-jackson-2005-ecosan-experience-in-eastern-southern-africa-wspes.pdf
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Urine: The liquid gold of wastewater
Randall, D. G., & Naidoo, V. (2018) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2018.04.012 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Wang, X., Daigger, G. T., VRIES, W. D., Kroeze, C., Yang, M., Ren, N., Liu, J., & Butler, D. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10445-0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sanitation for Low-Income Regions: A Cross-Disciplinary Review
Hyun, C., Burt, Z., Crider, Y. S., Nelson, K. L., Prasad, C. S. S., Rayasam, S. D. G., Tarpeh, W. A., & Ray, I. (2019) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033327 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hashemi, S. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12176937 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Generation of sanitation system options for urban planning considering novel technologies
Spuhler, D., Scheidegger, A., & Maurer, M. (2018) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.021 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Spuhler, D., Germann, V., Kassa, K., Ketema, A. A., Sherpa, A. M., Sherpa, M. G., Maurer, M., Lüthi, C., & Langergraber, G. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Biological and thermochemical conversion of human solid waste to soil amendments
Krounbi, L., Enders, A., van Es, H. M., Woolf, D., Herzen, B. P. V., & Lehmann, J. C. (2019) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sutherland, C., Reynaert, E., Dhlamini, S., Magwaza, F., Lienert, J., Riechmann, M. E., Buthelezi, S., Khumalo, D., Morgenroth, E., Udert, K. M., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143284 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationWeighting of toilet assessment scheme in China implementing analytic hierarchy process
Zhu, L., Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., Huang, Q., Sun, Y. G., & Bi, D. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111992 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dalton, P., Claeson, A., & Horenziak, S. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11020126 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Robust planning of sanitation services in urban informal settlements: An analytical framework
Schmitt, R., Morgenroth, E., & Larsen, T. A. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSpuhler, D., & Lüthi, C. (2020) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2020.062 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Field testing of a prototype mechanical dry toilet flush
Hennigs, J., Ravndal, K. T., Blose, T., Toolaram, A. P., Sindall, R., Barrington, D., Collins, M., Engineer, B., Kolios, A., McAdam, E. J., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.220 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nguyen, G. T., Iftekhar, M. S., Ratnasiri, S., Roiko, A. H., & Beal, C. (2024) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121478 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shyu, H.-Y., Bair, R. A., Castro, C. J., Xaba, L. P., Delgado-Navarro, M., Sindall, R., Cottingham, R., Uman, A. E., Buckley, C. A., & Yeh, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112921 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Trotochaud, L., Andrus, R. M., Tyson, K. J., Miller, G. H., Welling, C. M., Donaghy, P. E., Incardona, J., Evans, W. A., Smith, P. K., Oriard, T. L., et al. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02755 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Spuhler, D., Scheidegger, A., & Maurer, M. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116281 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nayak, S., & Sevda, S. (2022) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101257 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Spitzer, R. Y., Belete, Y. Z., Johnson, H. A., Kolusheva, S., Mau, V., & Gross, A. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162176 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ziemba, C., Larivé, O., Reynaert, E., Huisman, K. T., & Morgenroth, E. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137489 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing clogging of laminated hydrophobic membrane during fecal sludge drying
Bakhshayesh, B. E., Imhoff, P. T., & Dentel, S. K. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.209 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Musazura, W., & Odindo, A. O. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130516 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Davey, C. J., Thomas, N., & McAdam, E. J. (2022) · Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination · doi:10.2166/wrd.2022.084 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Potential Pitfalls in Wastewater Phosphorus Analysis and How to Avoid Them
Rosario, P., Viswash, R., Seenivasan, T., Ramalingam, S., Sellgren, K. L., Grego, S., & Trotochaud, L. (2021) · Environmental Health Insights · doi:10.1177/11786302211019218 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hu, M., Xiao, J., Fan, B., Sun, W., & Zhu, S. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128598 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nega, W., Hunie, Y., Tenaw, M., Dires, T., Agegnehu, S. K., & Mansberger, R. (2021) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10360-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Duku, G. A., Appiah-Effah, E., Nyarko, K. B., & Dwumfour-Asare, B. (2020) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00338 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Review of Sustaining Sanitation Services Approach
Saad, M., Alhadithi, M., Jasim, T., Yousif, A., & Freeshah, M. (2024) · Journal of Techniques · doi:10.51173/jt.v6i1.919 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Percepção dos moradores de uma ocupação urbana sobre o ‘empoderamento’ em saúde
de Almeida, S. P., Torres, L. M., Simim, D. A., de Paula, P. P., & Souza, N. M. (2020) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-1104202012504 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schuur, J. S., & Spuhler, D. (2021) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-021-00073-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Evolving Sanitation Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Shivani, Chariar, V. M., Kumar, R. K., Shukla, S., & Kumar, K. S. K. (2023) · International Journal of Electronic Government Research · doi:10.4018/ijegr.327366 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Balakrishnan, M., Batra, V. S., Dikshit, P. K., & Yadav, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816822-6.00002-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CHALLENGES AND MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN RWANDA: NORTHERN PROVINCE-BURERA DISTRICT.
Nkusi, J. (2018) · International Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.21474/ijar01/7576 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Resource Recovery‐Oriented Sanitation and Sustainable Human Excreta Management
Salana, S., Banerji, T., Kumar, A., Singh, E., & Kumar, S. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9783527825394.ch5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Comparative Evaluation of Ceramic Membrane Bioreactors
Zeynali, R., Ghasemzadeh, K., Jalilnejad, E., & Basile, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816822-6.00008-2
Digestión anaerobia de las aguas cafés: efecto del NaClO y del papel higiénico
Moreno-Cruz, C. F. (2021) · doi:10.24275/uami.b5644r801
Product/equipment manufacturing
Cookey, P. E., Koottatep, T., & Polprasert, C. (2022) · IWA Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2166/9781789061840_0037
Mdolo, P., Pocock, J., & Velkushanova, K. V. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17223230
- Authors
- Tobias, R., O'Keefe, M., Künzle, R., Gebauer, H., Gründl, H., Morgenroth, E., Pronk, W., & Larsen, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Tobias, Robert
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 576
- Pages
- 264-272
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5179495
- OpenAlex
- W2542473081
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1037484)
- Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Business and International Management › Innovation and Socioeconomic Development
- Keywords
- urban slums, informal settlements, membrane bioreactor, toilet design, user acceptance, resource recovery, social norms, Kampala
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Poverty Areas, Sanitation, Toilet Facilities, Uganda, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Purification, Recycling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
