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Investigation of levels of perfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, sediment and fish tissue in New Jersey, USA
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances found in New Jersey (NJ) due to historic and current industrial activities and the use of aqueous film forming foams. This research documents PFAS occurrence in surface water, sediments, and fish tissue at 11 targeted waterbodies in NJ suspected to be impacted by PFAS. Thirteen PFAS compounds were quantified from each media. The profile of detected PFAS differed among media from the same site, with shorter chain PFAS tending to predominate in surface water while longer chain PFAS predominated in fish and sediments. All water samples contained detectable levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl substances. PFOA, PFHpA and PFPeA were detected at every site. ΣPFAS concentrations in water samples ranged from 22.9 to 279.5 ng/L. At least one, and up to eight, PFAS were detected in sediment samples at 10 sites, while there were no detections of PFAS in sediments at the reference site. ΣPFAS concentrations in sediment samples ranged from below detection to 30.9 ng/g. At least one fish of each species at every site had detectable levels of PFAS compounds. ΣPFAS concentrations in fish were highest at sites downstream from a military facility, and lowest at the reference site. PFOS, PFDA, PFUnA and PFDoA were the predominant PFAS detected in fish tissue. PFOS was generally found in fish tissue at higher concentrations than other PFAS, with higher PFOS concentrations found in the tissue of yellow perch, American eel, pumpkinseed, and largemouth bass collected at sites with higher detections of PFOS in surface waters. PFOS levels in nearly all fish species were, on average, high enough to trigger fish consumption advisories. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the sources and occurrence of PFAS in NJ and to better understand their movement through the environment and potential risks.
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“Compared to prior studies, stormwater runoff PFAS levels in this study were much higher.”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Urban Stormwater Runoff: Insights from a Roadside Rain Garden (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Long chain PFAS have a higher affinity for adsorption to particulate matter, thus they are observed more in soil, sediment, and plant roots while short chain PFAS are highly soluble in water and are observed more in aqueous compartments and plant shoots (Bai and Son, 2021; Dalahmeh et al., 2018; Goodrow et al., 2020; Sardiña et al., 2019).”
From Occurrence, transformation, and transport of PFAS entering, leaving, and flowing past wastewater treatment plants with diverse land uses (2024) · cites this paper as Goodrow et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Their chain length and functional moieties determine their environmental occurrence and distribution with hydrophilic short-chain PFAS (C ≤ 8) typically found in surface waters, whereas the hydrophobic long-chain PFAS (C > 8) tend to bioaccumulate in fish tissues and sediments (Goodrow et al., 2020; Bai and Son, 2021).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Goodrow et al., 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goodrow, S. M., Ruppel, B., Lippincott, R. L., Post, G. B., & Procopio, N. A.
- Affiliations
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (US)
- Corresponding author
- Procopio, Nicholas A.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 729
- Pages
- 138839
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3021561529
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 7.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- State of New Jersey Department of State
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS contamination, surface water, sediment, fish tissue, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHpA, PFPeA, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, fish consumption advisories, yellow perch, Anguilla rostrata, Lepomis gibbosus, largemouth bass, New Jersey
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, New Jersey, Perches, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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