Cited by 173Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchFluoride Effects and RemovalChemical Analysis and Environmental Impact

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater

Open access

Johnson, Gwynn R., Brusseau, Mark L., Carroll, Kenneth C., Tick, Geoffrey R., Duncan, Candice M.·2022·Science of The Total Environment

DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156602PMC PMC9653090

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Abstract

A meta-analysis was conducted of published literature reporting concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater for sites distributed in 21 countries across the globe. Data for more than 35 PFAS were aggregated from 96 reports published from 1999 to 2021. The final data set comprised approximately 21,000 data points after removal of time-series and duplicate samples as well as non-detects. The reported concentrations ranged over many orders of magnitude, from ng/L to mg/L levels. Distinct differences in concentration ranges were observed between sites located within or near sources versus those that are not. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), ranging from <0.03 ng/L to ~7 mg/L, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), ranging from 0.01 ng/L to ~5 mg/L, were the two most reported PFAS. The highest PFAS concentration in groundwater was ~15 mg/L reported for the replacement-PFAS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS). Maximum reported groundwater concentrations for PFOA and PFOS were compared to concentrations reported for soils, surface waters, marine waters, and precipitation. Soil concentrations are generally significantly higher than those reported for the other media. This accrues to soil being the primary entry point for PFAS release into the environment for many sites, as well as the generally significantly greater retention capacity of soil compared to the other media. The presence of PFAS has been reported for all media in all regions tested including areas that are far removed from specific PFAS sources. This gives rise to the existence of a “background” concentration of PFAS that must be accounted for in both regional and site-specific risk assessments. The presence of this background is a reflection of the large-scale use of PFAS, their general recalcitrance, and the action of long-range transport processes that distribute PFAS across regional and global scales. This ubiquitous distribution has the potential to significantly impact the quality and availability of water resources in many regions. In addition, the pervasive presence of PFAS in the environment engenders concerns for impacts to ecosystem and human health.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156602

Cites

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Claims the paper makes

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Show all 95 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 26
Probably not a substantial claim. 9

In the paper
“Furthermore, groundwater is estimated to represent 26% of total water withdrawals for combined domestic, industrial, and irrigation uses (Margat and van der Gun, 2013).”
§ Global Distributions, Source-Type Dependencies, and Concentration Ranges of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Margat and van der Gun, 2013
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many of these compounds, of which several thousand have been identified (OECD, 2018), are known to be environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative (especially long-chain homologues), and have potential deleterious toxicological impacts to a variety of organisms (e.g., Buck et al. 2011).”
§ Global Distributions, Source-Type Dependencies, and Concentration Ranges of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites OECD, 2018
- Not checked yetcites Buck et al. 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, groundwater is estimated to provide almost half of all drinking water worldwide (UNESCO, 2022).”
§ Global Distributions, Source-Type Dependencies, and Concentration Ranges of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites UNESCO, 2022
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The disparity between the two distributions reflects in part the nature of the sources, with AFFF-impacted sources comprising the great majority of primary source sites (Brusseau et al., 2020).”
§ Global Distributions, Source-Type Dependencies, and Concentration Ranges of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater > Comparison of PFAS Concentrations in Groundwater to Other Media > Soil
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brusseau et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The delineation of no-known-source sites in particular may in some cases be nebulous”
§ Global Distributions, Source-Type Dependencies, and Concentration Ranges of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Many PFAS sources remain undiscovered.

34 of 34

The authors state this as an assumption.
The reported PFAS concentrations represent total concentrations of individual PFAS.
“Thus, the reported concentrations are assumed to represent total concentration of the individual PFAS.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The source-type classifications provided by the original studies are accurate.
“The classification of the sites was based on information reported by the authors of the original studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Variations in sample processing, analysis methods, and detection limits across studies do not invalidate the aggregated comparisons.
“Sample processing and analysis methods varied somewhat across the studies, and the reported quantitative detection limits (LOQ) also varied among the studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Excluding non-detects does not bias the concentration distributions.
“Non-detects were not included in the analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many PFAS sources remain undiscovered.
“considering that it is quite likely that there are many PFAS sources yet to be discovered.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The U.S. EPA set a 70 ng/L lifetime health advisory for PFOS and PFOA in drinking water.
“These concentrations are below the EPA’s lifetime health advisory (LHA) of 70 ng/L”

6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Conflicting maximum groundwater concentration for PFOS
Major
The abstract gives a maximum PFOS concentration of approximately 5 mg/L, but the groundwater results report 9.7×106 ng/L, equivalent to 9.7 mg/L. The two reported maxima differ by nearly a factor of two.

1 of 1

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Authors: Johnson, G. R., Brusseau, M. L., Carroll, K. C., Tick, G. R., & Duncan, C. M.
Affiliations: Portland State University (US)
University of Arizona (US)
New Mexico State University (US)
University of Alabama (US)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Corresponding author: Johnson, Gwynn R.
Brusseau, Mark L.
ORCID: Brusseau, Mark L.
Carroll, Kenneth C.
Tick, Geoffrey R.
Duncan, Candice M.
Venue: Science of The Total Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-10
Volume: 841
Pages: 156602
ISSN: 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156602
PMC: PMC9653090
OpenAlex: W4281734724
Semantic Scholar: 297055efd066dd6b35a92142827bc86671991c5e
Cited by: 173
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 3
FWCI: 10.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 251 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES04940)
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (1023257)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
Keywords: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, groundwater contamination, global distribution, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, fluorotelomer sulfonates, background concentrations, long-range transport, soil contamination, water quality, risk assessment
MeSH terms: Fluorocarbons, Humans, Soil, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Ecosystem, Groundwater

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Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater

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