Considerations on environmental, economic, and energy impacts of wind energy generation: Projections towards sustainability initiatives
Abstract
The energy sector contributes significantly to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) due to the use of fossil fuels which leads to climate change problems. Worldwide, there is a shift from fossil fuel-based energy to cleaner energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Wind energy is one of the promising cleaner energy sources as it is feasible and cost-effective. However, the development of wind farms causes impacts on sustainability aspects. This article aims to review the impacts of wind energy generation on environmental, economic, and social aspects of sustainability and their mitigation strategies. The aim was achieved by reviewing recent research papers on different aspects of wind energy sustainability. The environmental impacts reviewed include the effects on avian life, noise pollution, visual impacts, microclimate and vegetation. Apart from environmental impacts, wind energy generation faces issues in energy and financial sustainability, such as the wind power fluctuation, technology lagging and use of fixed feed-in tariff contracts that do not consider wind energy advancement and end-of-life management. We discussed that turbine deterrents, automatic curtailment, low gloss blades and sustainable siting of wind farms as some of the effective ways to combat wind energy environmental impacts. In addition, we discussed that energy storage systems, setting up microgrids, combination of solar, wind and energy storage, and renewable energies policies are some of the ways to combat wind energy's economic and energy impacts. Lastly, the recommendations, and future perspectives on wind energy generation sustainability are discussed.
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Offshore wind farms are more expensive to construct than onshore wind farms due to construction technology and grid connection challenges.
“The offshore wind energy sector is one of the renewable energy sources that can operate without requiring a large amount of land; however, due to construction technology and grid connection challenges, offshore wind farms are more expensive to construct than onshore wind farms (Msigwa et al., 2022).”
From Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Msigwa et al., 2022
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Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review
Osman, A. I., Chen, L., Yang, M., Msigwa, G., Farghali, M., Fawzy, S., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P.-S. (2023) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Self-citationCombined “Renewable Energy–Thermal Energy Storage (RE–TES)” Systems: A Review
Elkhatat, A., & Al-Muhtaseb, S. A. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16114471 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Msigwa, G., Ighalo, J. O., & Yap, P.-S.
- Affiliations
- Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (CN)
- University of Ilorin (NG)
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 849
- Pages
- 157755
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4289079919
- Semantic Scholar
- 809d0d34fd8aec9b690e2fe964d1612eed2d542b
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Wind Energy Research and Development
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Renewable Energy and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
- Keywords
- wind energy, sustainability, environmental impact, economic impact, energy impacts, noise pollution, visual impact, microclimate effects, wind power fluctuation, feed-in tariffs, curtailment, wind farm siting, energy storage, microgrids, renewable energy policy, greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation measures
- MeSH terms
- Greenhouse Gases, Energy-Generating Resources, Fossil Fuels, Microclimate, Wind, Renewable Energy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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