Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

93 countries are proposing or discussing documents related to achieving carbon neutrality targets.

“In addition, 93 countries, including Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, and The Bahamas, along with others, are proposing or discussing documents related to achieving carbon neutrality targets”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

17 countries have proposed carbon-neutral legislation.

“Additionally, 17 countries have proposed carbon-neutral legislation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

21 countries have declared or committed to be carbon neutral between 2030 and 2070.

“In addition, 21 countries have declared or committed to be carbon neutral between 2030 and 2070”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Benin, Bhutan, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Cambodia, Liberia, Madagascar, and Suriname have already achieved carbon neutrality.

“with Benin, Bhutan, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Cambodia, Liberia, Madagascar, and Suriname already have achieved carbon neutrality”

May combine two claims.

Most projects in the reviewed literature use life cycle assessment to analyse carbon neutrality technologies or models and use a life cycle perspective to incorporate organizational and decision-making environments.

“In conclusion, we identified that most projects use life cycle assessment to analyse carbon neutrality technologies or models and use a life cycle perspective to incorporate organizational and decision-making environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

To attain the targets stipulated by the Paris agreement and support sustainable development, it is necessary to not only reduce CO2 emissions but also to remove CO2 from the atmosphere to achieve net-zero carbon or negative carbon emissions through various social, economic, environmental and technological measures.

“To attain the targets stipulated by the Paris agreement and support sustainable development, it is necessary to not only reduce CO2 emissions but also to remove CO2 from the atmosphere to achieve net-zero carbon or negative carbon emissions through various social, economic, environmental and technological measures.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only 4.5% of countries have achieved carbon neutrality, and most countries are still planning to do so by 2050–2070.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

To achieve net-zero carbon emissions and sustainable development, carbon removal or sequestration in terrestrial and marine ecosystems must be promoted.

“Moreover, to achieve net-zero carbon emissions and sustainable development, carbon removal or sequestration in terrestrial and marine ecosystems must be promoted (Cheng 2020).”

• cites Cheng 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The IPCC, in its special report on global warming of 1.5 °C, emphasized the need to reduce and phase out fossil fuels, use more renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, and highlighted the importance of implementing these measures in cities to achieve carbon neutrality.

“Furthermore, to achieve carbon neutrality, the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), in its special report on global warming of 1.5 °C, also emphasized the need to reduce and phase out fossil fuels, use more renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, and highlighted the importance of implementing these measures in cities to achieve carbon neutrality (Masson-Delmotte et al. 2018).”

• cites Masson-Delmotte et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From pre-industrialization around 1850 until 2022, the global average atmospheric CO2 concentration increased substantially from 285 to 419 ppm.

“From pre-industrialization, around 1850, until 2022, the global average atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increased substantially from 285 to 419 ppm (Chen 2021; CO2 Daily 2022).”

• cites Chen 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites CO2 Daily 2022Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Global greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise by 50% by 2050, owing primarily to CO2 emissions from non-renewable energy use.

“Furthermore, global greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise by 50% by 2050, owing primarily to CO2 emissions from non-renewable energy use (Rabaey and Ragauskas 2014).”

• cites Rabaey and Ragauskas 2014 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The United Kingdom meteorological office estimates a global average surface temperature increase of about 0.97 to 1.21 °C throughout 1850-2022, with a central estimate of 1.09 °C.

“As a result, the United Kingdom meteorological office estimates a global average surface temperature increase of about 0.97 to 1.21 °C throughout 1850–2022, with a central estimate of 1.09 °C; they also predict that 2022 will continue the trend of the warmest years in the world (Sangomla 2022).”

• cites Sangomla 2022Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Under the Paris agreement, each country agreed to limit the global temperature increase to less than 2 °C and work to limit it to less than 1.5 °C.

“Under the Paris agreement, each country agreed to limit the global temperature increase to less than 2 °C and work to limit the global temperature increase to less than 1.5 °C (Agreement 2015).”

• cites Agreement 2015Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As of February 2021, 124 countries worldwide have declared their intention to become carbon neutral and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 or 2060.

“As of February 2021, 124 countries worldwide have declared their intention to become carbon neutral and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 or 2060 (Chen 2021).”

• cites Chen 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 2030 enhanced emission reduction targets and the mid-century long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies that worldwide governments were supposed to submit to the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties have only been submitted by countries accounting for 55% and 32% of global greenhouse gas emissions, respectively.

“The 2030 enhanced emission reduction targets (in the form of nationally determined contributions) and the mid-century long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies that the worldwide governments are supposed to submit to the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties have only been submitted by countries accounting for 55% and 32% of global greenhouse gas emissions”

• cites Wyns and Beagley 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

To avoid the looming problem of global environmental change, global warming needs to be limited to less than 1.5 °C.

“To avoid the looming problem of global environmental change, global warming needs to be limited to less than 1.5 °C.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only 4.5% of countries have achieved carbon neutrality, and most countries are still planning to do so by 2050–2070.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Paris climate agreement, issued by the United Nations, aims to keep global warming below 1.5 °C and states that each country needs to enact policies or develop measures to reduce carbon emissions effectively.

“One of them is the Paris climate agreement (Nations 2015), issued by the United Nations, which aims to keep global warming below 1.5 °C and states that each country needs to enact policies or develop measures to reduce carbon emissions effectively.”

• cites Nations 2015Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Without targeted improvements, global temperatures will continue to rise, leading to more catastrophic floods, bushfires, extreme weather, and species destruction.

“Without targeted improvements, global temperatures will continue to rise, leading to more catastrophic floods, bushfires, extreme weather, and species destruction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Without effective initiatives, policies, and other measures taken by various countries worldwide, the deteriorating ecological environment will continue to affect future generations.

“Without effective initiatives, policies, and other measures taken by various countries worldwide, the deteriorating ecological environment will continue to affect future generations (Li et al. 2021).”

• cites Li et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the ultimate goal of the Paris climate agreement is to achieve carbon neutrality in all countries, different regions, cities, and institutions have different initiatives, approaches, or measures to reduce carbon emissions.

“Although the ultimate goal of this initiative is to achieve carbon neutrality in all countries, different regions, cities, and institutions have different initiatives, approaches, or measures to reduce carbon emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The development of initiatives, policies, and measures related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in each country is essential to fully achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 or 2060.

“The development of initiatives, policies, and measures related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in each country is essential to fully achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 or 2060.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only 4.5% of countries have achieved carbon neutrality, and most countries are still planning to do so by 2050–2070.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cooperation at the global level among governments, national functional sectors, and financial institutions is required.

“This would require cooperation at the global level among governments, national functional sectors, and financial institutions (Arora and Mishra 2021).”

• cites Arora and Mishra 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Synergies between different countries have hampered synergies between adaptation and mitigation policies, as well as their co-benefits.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each nation party agreed to provide funding to achieve these goals.

“At the same time, each nation party agreed to provide funding to achieve these goals (van den Berg et al. 2022).”

• cites van den Berg et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties was held in Glasgow from 31st October to 12th November 2021.

“At a critical time for green recovery on a global scale, the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties was held in Glasgow from 31st October to 12th November 2021 (Masuda et al. 2022).”

• cites Masuda et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Achieving net-zero carbon emissions is challenging.

“Different regions, countries, and cities have developed strategies to improve carbon removal or sequestration and achieve carbon neutrality (Hepburn et al. 2021; Pedersen et al. 2020; Huang and Zhai 2021), yet achieving net-zero carbon emissions is challenging (Wang et al. 2021).”

• cites Wang et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some Nordic countries have developed and implemented Pigouvian tax mechanisms to help achieve carbon neutrality through tax policies.

“In addition to this, in their study, Cheng et al. pointed out that some Nordic countries have developed and implemented Pigouvian tax mechanisms to help achieve carbon neutrality through tax policies (Cheng et al. 2021).”

• cites Cheng et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In China, the Chinese government formulated the guidance on accelerating the establishment of a sound green low-carbon circular development economic system, which specifies reaching peak carbon by 2030, achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, and striving to gradually achieve net-zero CO2 emissions.

“In China, the Chinese government formulated the “guidance on accelerating the establishment of a sound green low-carbon circular development economic system”, which specifies reaching peak carbon by 2030, achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, and striving to gradually achieve net-zero CO2 emissions (SCPRC 2021; Zhao et al. 2022).”

• cites SCPRC 2021Not checked yet

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• cites Zhao et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the continuous use of fossil fuels, global carbon dioxide emissions have reached an unprecedented peak in 2020.

“Due to the continuous use of fossil fuels, global carbon dioxide emissions have reached an unprecedented peak in 2020 (IEA 2021), which has significantly contributed to global warming.”

• cites IEA 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties made progress in four key areas: coal, cars, cash, and trees.

“The 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties made progress in four key areas: coal, cars, cash, and trees.”

May combine two claims.

Green walls and rooftops can mitigate climate change by reducing heat islands, lowering energy usage, and sequestering carbon.

“Green walls and rooftops can mitigate climate change by reducing heat islands, lowering energy usage, and sequestering carbon.”

• cites Grafakos et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Government initiatives such as carbon taxes, zero-carbon industry incentives, and mitigation and adaptation policies can contribute to the circular economy's transformation.

“Government initiatives such as carbon taxes, zero-carbon industry incentives, and mitigation and adaptation policies can all contribute to the circular economy’s transformation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several constraints to synergies include a lack of finance, collaboration, implementation, transparency, and public engagement.

“Several constraints to synergies include a lack of finance, collaboration, implementation, transparency, and public engagement.”

• cites Ngum et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Green roofs increase stormwater management, allowing for adaptation to climate change-related flooding.

“Additionally, green roofs increase stormwater management, allowing for adaptation to climate change-related flooding.”

• cites Grafakos et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Compact urban development decreases land demand, avoids risky locations, and is less susceptible to intense heat events than urban sprawl, allowing for climate change adaptation.

“Additionally, compact urban development decreases land demand, avoids risky locations, and is less susceptible to intense heat events than urban sprawl, allowing for climate change adaptation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Constructing a hydroelectric power plant will reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to its renewable energy source.

“For instance, constructing a hydroelectric power plant will reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to its renewable energy source.”

May combine two claims.

Constructing a dam to prevent seawater intrusion will secure water supply and reduce vulnerability.

“On the other hand, while constructing a dam to prevent seawater intrusion will secure water supply and so reduce vulnerability”

May combine two claims.

Reduced forest conversion helps mitigate climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon storage.

“Reduced forest conversion helps mitigate climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon storage.”

• cites Montanaro et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A transition from a linear to a circular economy is one strategy to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

“A transition from a linear to a circular economy, in which end-of-life goods can be used to create new goods, is one strategy to mitigate and adapt to climate change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Afforestation creates a beneficial synergy since afforestation works as a carbon sink and protects from calamities.

“For example, afforestation creates a beneficial synergy since afforestation works as a carbon sink and protects from calamities.”

May combine two claims.

Compact urban development reduces per capita travel demand, energy demand for heating and cooling, and provides more efficient energy systems, lowering carbon emissions and mitigating climate change.

“Compact urban development reduces per capita travel demand, energy demand for heating and cooling, and provides energy systems that are more efficient, so lowering carbon emissions and mitigating climate change.”

May combine two claims.

These transportation measures will reduce carbon emissions, mitigating climate change, and result in cost and energy savings, increasing economic and energy resilience and enabling climate change adaptation.

“All of these measures will reduce carbon emissions, ultimately mitigating climate change; simultaneously, they will result in cost and energy savings, thereby increasing economic and energy resilience and thus enabling climate change adaptation.”

• cites Sharifi 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A hydroelectric power plant will increase competition for water with local communities, compromising adaptation.

“However, a hydroelectric power plant will increase competition for water with local communities, compromising adaptation.”

May combine two claims.

Improving efficient agricultural practices aids in climate change adaptation by increasing soil carbon and water efficiency, resulting in resilient crops and food security.

“Additionally, improving efficient agricultural practices aids in climate change adaptation by increasing soil carbon and water efficiency, resulting in resilient crops and food security.”

• cites Montanaro et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Promoting public transportation, increasing vehicle efficiency, electrifying transportation, and encouraging car-sharing services are approaches to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the transportation sector.

“Promoting public transportation, increasing vehicle efficiency, electrifying transportation, and encouraging car-sharing services are all approaches to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the transportation sector (Sharifi 2021).”

• cites Sharifi 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

From 2000 to 2010, the United States maintained indirect household emissions at 400 million tonnes while China increased from 150 to 500 million tonnes.

“The trend is evident from 2000 to 2010; the United States of America have maintained indirect household emissions at 400 million tonnes while China increased from 150 to 500 million tonnes.”

• cites Ma et al. 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In comparison, China's indirect emissions were accounted for by residence; education, culture, and recreation; and transportation and communication, which accounted for 50%, 2.28%, and 2.48%, respectively.

“In comparison, China’s indirect emissions were accounted for by residence; education, culture, and recreation; and transportation and communication, which accounted for 50%, 2.28%, and 2.48%, respectively.”

• cites Ma et al. 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In Romania, the ecosystem's carbon footprint study discovered a density of 2949 ha and a projected crown coverage of 7616 ha.

“Another study of the ecosystem’s carbon footprint conducted in Romania discovered a density of 2949 ha and a projected crown coverage of 7616 ha.”

• cites Mihut et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Carbon emissions were highest during July compared to other months, indicating that more energy was required for cooling.

“Additionally, carbon emissions were highest during July compared to other months, indicating that more energy was required for cooling, necessitating increased attention, particularly as global temperatures continue to rise.”

• cites Yamagata et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Industries' emissions incorporated in local and exported products are 4.3 t CO2-eq/capita and 5.3 t CO2-eq/capita, respectively.

“Among these emissions, the industries’ emissions incorporated in local and exported products are 4.3 t CO2-eq/capita and 5.3 t CO2-eq/capita, respectively.”

• cites Wiedmann et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are generally two viable approaches explored in the literature concerning achieving carbon neutrality: reducing CO2 emissions and carbon removal from the atmosphere.

“There are generally two viable approaches explored in the literature concerning achieving carbon neutrality. The first approach entails initiatives, policies, and technologies to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition to emissions reductions, further measures are required to achieve a net-zero carbon system. A second approach focuses on carbon removal from the atmosphere, also referred to as negative”

May combine two claims.

Urbanization reduced per capita CO2 emissions from the transportation sector, with Hebei benefiting the most.

“Urbanization reduced per capita CO2 emissions from the transportation sector, with Hebei benefiting the most.”

• cites Cai et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The rates revealed in this study were higher than those obtained by global forest watch because global forest watch considered deforestation only in government forests, excluding agricultural lands and community forests.

“The rates revealed in this study were higher than those obtained by global forest watch since the study carried out by global forest watch considered deforestation only in government forests, excluding agricultural lands and community forests.”

• cites Skole et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Power generation and demand emissions totalled 10 t CO2-eq/capita, while import-related emissions totalled 10.8 t CO2-eq/capita.

“Additionally, power generation and demand emissions totalled 10 t CO2-eq/capita, while import-related emissions totalled 10.8 t CO2-eq/capita.”

• cites Wiedmann et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The findings of these mapping studies assist policymakers in determining which sectors or sections of cities deserve attention, allowing for more efficient climate change policies than general approaches.

“The findings of these mapping studies assist policymakers in determining which sectors or sections of cities deserve attention, allowing for more efficient climate change policies than general approaches.”

May combine two claims.

There has been a recent trend in which China's household emissions have increased while those in the United States of America have decreased.

“However, there has been a recent trend in which China’s household emissions have increased while those in the United States of America have decreased.”

• cites Ma et al. 2016Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Carbon emissions around the commercial district of Kinshi-Cho were higher than those around SkyTree due to Kinshi-Cho being unplanned and densely packed compared to SkyTree, which has well-planned energy-efficient buildings.

“The study also discovered that carbon emissions around the commercial district of Kinshi-Cho were higher than those around SkyTree due to Kinshi-Cho being unplanned and densely packed compared to SkyTree, which has well-planned energy-efficient buildings (Yamagata et al. 2018).”

• cites Yamagata et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The forest had 27,800 m3 of green biomass and 13,066 t of carbon.

“Additionally, the forest had 27,800 m3 of green biomass and 13,066 t of carbon (Mihut et al. 2019).”

• cites Mihut et al. 2019Not checked yet

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The quote only partly states this claim.

The United States has historically emitted more indirect CO2 than China.

“The findings indicated that the United States has historically emitted more indirect CO2 than China.”

• cites Ma et al. 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These emissions accounted for 2.489%, 2.425%, 2.439%, and 2.447% carbon emissions from all industries in China.

“accounting for 2.489%, 2.425%, 2.439%, and 2.447% carbon emissions from all industries in China.”

• cites Meng et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Apart from transportation, the other tourism sectors emitted three to four times the amount of direct carbon emissions indirectly.

“Apart from transportation, the other tourism sectors emitted three to four times the amount of direct carbon emissions indirectly.”

• cites Meng et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wiedmann et al. created a carbon footprint map for Melbourne, revealing a total of 25.1 t CO2-eq/capita.

“Wiedmann et al. created a carbon footprint map for Melbourne, revealing a total of 25.1 t CO2-eq/capita (Wiedmann et al. 2016).”

• cites Wiedmann et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Deforestation rates in Malawi between 2000-2009 and 2009-2015 were 22,410 ha yr−1 and 38,937 ha yr−1, respectively.

“The analysis indicated that deforestation rates between 2000–2009 and 2009–2015 were 22,410 ha yr−1 and 38,937 ha yr−1, respectively.”

• cites Skole et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The road links had significant direct emissions from fossil fuels compared to indirect emissions, indicating that the transition from gasoline to electric vehicles will substantially reduce carbon emissions.

“The road links had significant direct emissions from fossil fuels compared to indirect emissions, indicating that the transition from gasoline to electric vehicles will substantially reduce carbon emissions.”

• cites Yamagata et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The tourism industry in China generated total carbon emissions of 111.49 Mt, 141.88 Mt, 169.76 Mt, and 208.4 Mt in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2010, respectively.

“The tourism industry generated total carbon emissions of 111.49 Mt, 141.88 Mt, 169.76 Mt, and 208.4 Mt in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2010, respectively”

• cites Meng et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Long-term strategies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency are necessary to reduce carbon emissions and attain carbon neutrality.

“In summary, achieving carbon neutrality is not a one-day accomplishment. Long-term strategies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency are necessary to reduce carbon emissions and attain carbon neutrality.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Carbon neutrality is technically feasible with future energy technologies by mid-century.

“The findings indicated that carbon neutrality is technically feasible with future energy technologies by mid-century.”

• cites Rodrigues et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Excessive demand for biofuels can lead to over-demand in biomass, increasing price and scarcity.

“For example, excessive demand for biofuels can lead to over-demand in biomass, increasing price and scarcity.”

May combine two claims.

In China's iron and steel industry, a combination of all scenarios resulted in the most effective carbon emission reductions, meeting China's target.

“Furthermore, a combination of all scenarios resulted in the most effective carbon emission reductions, meeting China’s target.”

• cites Li et al. 2019Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Supplying 10.4 PWh of renewable energy annually would result in a reduction of 2.08 Mt SO2 and 1.97 Mt NOx, bringing China closer to meeting its carbon neutrality targets.

“Additionally, the analysis revealed that supplying 10.4 PWh of renewable energy annually would result in a reduction of 2.08 Mt SO2 and 1.97 Mt NOx, bringing the country closer to meeting its carbon neutrality targets.”

• cites Liu et al. 2022aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The shift to carbon neutrality cannot occur spontaneously because carbon neutrality is primarily motivated by environmental concerns and offers no immediate financial benefits to individuals or corporations.

“On the other hand, the shift to carbon neutrality cannot occur spontaneously because carbon neutrality is primarily motivated by environmental concerns and offers no immediate financial benefits to individuals or corporations.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Carbon neutrality is primarily motivated by environmental concerns and offers no immediate financial benefits to individuals or corporations.

May combine two claims.

Use of carbon molecular sieve membranes in flue gas separation has drawbacks, such as the huge area required to capture a given amount of CO2 and deteriorating performance over time due to carbon matrix species sorption.

“However, the use of carbon molecular sieve membranes in flue gas separation has drawbacks, such as the huge area required to capture a given amount of CO2 and deteriorating performance over time due to carbon matrix species sorption.”

• cites Lei et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Low-carbon technologies must be competitive in order to facilitate the energy transition.

“As a result, low-carbon technologies must be competitive in order to facilitate this energy transition.”

May combine two claims.

In Bangladesh, renewable energy use for electricity production is as low as 1%, which is insufficient to reduce carbon emissions.

“Renewable energy sources improve environmental quality; nevertheless, their use in Bangladesh for electricity production is as low as 1%, which is insufficient to reduce carbon emissions (Murshed et al. 2021).”

• cites Murshed et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Demand-side emission reduction efforts include efficiency gains, end-use fuel switching from fossil-based to renewable fuels, and deployment of renewable energy technologies.

“Additionally, demand-side emission reduction efforts include efficiency gains realized through the implementation of energy-efficient processes and sector-specific technologies that reduce energy consumption, as well as end-use fuel switching from fossil-based to renewable fuels and the deployment of renewable energy technologies (Fawzy et al. 2020).”

• cites Fawzy et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Carbon trading and tax policies help reduce carbon emissions and eventually lead to carbon neutrality.

“Carbon trading and tax policies help reduce carbon emissions and eventually lead to carbon neutrality.”

May combine two claims.

Post-combustion capture systems are ideal for retrofit projects and have a wide range of applications.

“However, post-combustion capture systems are ideal for retrofit projects and have a wide range of applications (Fawzy et al. 2020; Osman et al. 2020).”

• cites Fawzy et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Osman et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In addition to emissions reductions, further measures are required to achieve a net-zero carbon system.

“In addition to emissions reductions, further measures are required to achieve a net-zero carbon system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Around 75-85% of energy in glass manufacturing is used to heat raw materials in a furnace.

“Another study examined the glass manufacturing sector and its decarbonization process, noting that the container and flat glass industries alone release over 60 million tonnes of CO2 per year and that around 75–85% of energy is used to heat raw materials in a furnace (Furszyfer Del Rio et al. 2022).”

• cites Furszyfer Del Rio et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Germany's Energiewende, implemented in 2010, was well-executed until 2018 but fell short of reducing CO2 emissions.

“Until 2018, the energy programme was well-executed but fell short of reducing CO2 emissions.”

• cites Schiffer and Trüby 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wind and solar capacity of 2495 and 2674 GW can meet 67% of China's total energy consumption in 2050, respectively.

“Another study conducted in China found that wind and solar capacity of 2495 and 2674 GW can meet 67% of China’s total energy consumption in 2050, respectively (Liu et al. 2022a).”

• cites Liu et al. 2022aNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Impediments to the glass industry's decarbonization include a shortage of capital, fluctuating energy prices, and unreliable infrastructure.

“Additionally, the study identified impediments to the glass industry’s decarbonization, including a shortage of capital, fluctuating energy prices, and unreliable infrastructure.”

• cites Furszyfer Del Rio et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Coal-fired steel manufacturing currently accounts for 8% of global energy CO2 emissions.

“Arens et al. examined worldwide steel production and its transition away from coal-fired power generation, as coal-fired steel manufacturing currently accounts for 8% of global energy CO2 emissions.”

• cites Arens et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The steel industry is not well-positioned to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

“According to the analysis, the steel industry is not well-positioned to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.”

• cites Arens et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Buildings can achieve a carbon-free future by utilizing improved building envelopes, renewable materials, 3D printing, renewable-powered heating and cooling systems, and energy-efficient technologies.

“Buildings can achieve a carbon-free future by utilizing improved building envelopes, renewable materials, and 3D printing. Additionally, this can be achieved by developing heating and cooling systems powered by renewable energy and employing energy-efficient technologies (Fawzy et al. 2020).”

• cites Fawzy et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Utilization of energy-saving technologies such as heat recovery in coke ovens, sinter plants, and electric arc furnaces results in an 18% reduction in energy consumption and a 12% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

“The utilization of such technologies results in an 18% reduction in energy consumption and a 12% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.”

• cites Griffin and Hammond 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The container and flat glass industries alone release over 60 million tonnes of CO2 per year.

“Another study examined the glass manufacturing sector and its decarbonization process, noting that the container and flat glass industries alone release over 60 million tonnes of CO2 per year and that around 75–85% of energy is used to heat raw materials in a furnace (Furszyfer Del Rio et al. 2022).”

• cites Furszyfer Del Rio et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The impact of transitioning from fossil-based to renewable energy is well documented and is considered the most important approach to achieving carbon neutrality in the energy sector.

“Overall, the impact of transitioning from fossil-based to renewable energy is well documented and is considered the most important approach to achieving carbon neutrality in the energy sector.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A typical household's carbon footprint in European cities was 6.93 t CO2-eq/yr, corresponding to the annual carbon absorbed by 0.51 hectare of forest.

“A typical household’s carbon footprint was determined to be 6.93 t CO2-eq/yr, which corresponds to the annual carbon absorbed by 0.51 hectare of forest (Pulselli et al. 2019).”

• cites Pulselli et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The NED University campus produced 21,500 Mt CO2-eq in 2017, equating to 1.79 Mt CO2-eq per student.

“The data indicated that the campus produced 21,500 Mt CO2-eq in 2017, equating to 1.79 Mt CO2-eq per student.”

• cites Mustafa et al. 2022 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The direct impact of achieving carbon neutrality on society would be to preserve the existing social order.

“Achieving carbon neutrality would decrease the frequency of catastrophic disasters, and its direct impact on society would be to preserve the existing social order, while its indirect impact would be to promote human society’s evolution.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Shifting to a more vegetarian diet, consuming less meat, and reducing food waste will mitigate climate change.

“The study concluded that shifting to a more vegetarian diet, consuming less meat, and reducing food waste will mitigate climate change.”

• cites Strapasson et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The indirect impact of achieving carbon neutrality would be to promote human society's evolution.

“Achieving carbon neutrality would decrease the frequency of catastrophic disasters, and its direct impact on society would be to preserve the existing social order, while its indirect impact would be to promote human society’s evolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Achieving carbon neutrality is a critical objective for a variety of countries today and one of the possible solutions to the problem of climate change.

“As a result, achieving carbon neutrality is a critical objective for a variety of countries today and one of the possible solutions to the problem of climate change (Udemba 2021).”

• cites Udemba 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Negative emissions technologies are not yet ready for widespread use due to uncertainty regarding their technologies, pricing, and environmental implications.

“Another study concluded that negative emissions technologies are not yet ready for widespread use due to uncertainty regarding their technologies, pricing, and environmental implications (Chavez 2018).”

• cites Chavez 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Buildings and cities play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

“Overall, buildings and cities play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By 2030, the usage of biomethane in vehicles for compressed natural gas and liquified natural gas will increase to 30 billion m3/yr.

“By 2030, the usage of biomethane in vehicles for compressed natural gas and liquified natural gas will increase to 30 billion m3/yr.”

• cites Prussi et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Negative emissions technologies have enormous promise for achieving future carbon neutrality.

“In summary, negative emissions technologies have enormous promise for achieving future carbon neutrality; hence, additional investment, research, and regulations are needed to encourage deployment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A cubic metre of wood stores half a tonne of carbon; hence, timber buildings and cities can act as carbon sinks.

“The reintroduction of lumber into structures is critical because a cubic metre of wood stores half a tonne of carbon; hence, timber buildings and cities can act as carbon sinks.”

May combine two claims.

Achieving carbon neutrality will help decrease global warming and resolve the world's energy dilemma while also having good ecological impacts such as improved air quality, more sustainable landscapes, and ecological restoration.

“Simultaneously, achieving carbon neutrality will help decrease global warming and resolve the world’s energy dilemma while also having good ecological impacts such as improved air quality, more sustainable landscapes, and ecological restoration (Chen 2021).”

• cites Chen 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Households in Berlin saved an average of 11% in carbon emissions, with some people saving up to 40%.

“The findings indicated that households saved an average of 11% in carbon emissions, with some people saving up to 40% (Reusswig et al. 2021).”

• cites Reusswig et al. 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The overexploitation of non-renewable resources and other environmental damage such as heavy reliance on fossil fuels, deforestation, and waste incineration have resulted in an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, ultimately causing environmental degradation such as global temperature increase and melting of the north and south pole glaciers.

“The overexploitation of non-renewable resources by global industrial development and other forms of environmental damage such as heavy reliance on fossil fuels, deforestation, and waste incineration have resulted in an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, ultimately causing environmental degradation such as global temperature increase and melting of the north and south pole glaciers (T”

• cites Tan and Wang 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Society can play an important role in carbon emission reduction.

“As noted, society can play an important role in carbon emission reduction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Electricity can provide 72.3% of the total energy necessary for transport in the European Union using existing technologies.

“For instance, electricity can provide 72.3% of the total energy necessary for transport in the European Union using existing technologies.”

May combine two claims.

In Scotland, enhanced weathering had the highest costs among land-based negative emissions technologies, with lower and upper costs of $US 25/t CO2 and $US 1600/t CO2, respectively.

“Economically, the enhanced weathering approach had the highest costs, with lower and upper costs of $US 25/t CO2 and $US 1600/t CO2, respectively.”

• cites Alcalde et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

South America accounts for 31.3% of global annual greenhouse gas emissions from land use and land-use change.

“South America accounts for 31.3% of global annual greenhouse gas emissions from land use and land-use change, according to the study (Sa et al. 2017).”

• cites Sa et al. 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The primary and most direct benefit of achieving carbon neutrality is to mitigate negative environmental impacts and slow the rising rate of global temperature.

“The primary and most direct benefit of achieving carbon neutrality is to mitigate negative environmental impacts and slow the rising rate of global temperature.”

May combine two claims.

Decarbonizing the transportation sector is feasible through the use of electricity, biofuels, hydrogen, and electro-fuels, with electricity being the most practical alternative.

“In summary, decarbonizing the transportation sector is feasible through the use of electricity, biofuels, hydrogen, and electro-fuels, with electricity being the most practical alternative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Carbon neutrality is a twenty-first-century trend that can integrate a life cycle perspective into organizational and decision-making environments, although pure life cycle assessments have not yet accomplished this goal.

“Additionally, carbon neutrality is a twenty-first-century trend that can integrate a life cycle perspective into organizational and decision-making environments, although pure life cycle assessments have not yet accomplished this goal (Finkbeiner and Bach 2021).”

• cites Finkbeiner and Bach 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The main strategies to reduce carbon emissions around agriculture, food and waste include shifting to vegetarian diets, reducing food waste, pasture restoration, no-till farming, and repurposing food and agricultural wastes.

“Overall, the main strategies to reduce carbon emissions around agriculture, food and waste include shifting to vegetarian diets, reducing food waste, pasture restoration, no-till farming, and repurposing food and agricultural wastes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The coal sector's backward production capacity will progressively be phased out.

“The coal sector’s backward production capacity will progressively be phased out; the coal chemical industry, coal power, and other coal conversion industries will face limited expansion space; and alternative energy sources will steadily weaken and eventually replace coal use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Cities with decentralized energy systems and technology such as electric vehicles, the Internet of things, and big data can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation.

“Cities with decentralized energy systems and technology such as electric vehicles, the Internet of things, and big data can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The application of negative emissions technologies, as well as for biotechnology, has the potential to create a carbon-free planet in the future.

“The application of negative emissions technologies, as well as for biotechnology, has the potential to create a carbon-free planet in the future, and additional investment, research, and legislation promoting negative emissions solutions are required.”

May combine two claims.

The coal chemical industry, coal power, and other coal conversion industries will face limited expansion space.

“The coal sector’s backward production capacity will progressively be phased out; the coal chemical industry, coal power, and other coal conversion industries will face limited expansion space; and alternative energy sources will steadily weaken and eventually replace coal use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Carbon neutrality for the industry in the future can be reached by climate and energy legislation, non-hydro, non-biofuel renewable energy expansion, and the circular economy, as well as the deployment of new technologies such as carbon capture, utilization and storage.

“Carbon neutrality for the industry in the future can be reached by climate and energy legislation, non-hydro, non-biofuel renewable energy expansion, and the circular economy, as well as the deployment of new technologies such as carbon capture, utilization and storage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The gradual use of alternative energy sources will gradually reduce the demand for natural gas in the energy sector.

“The gradual use of alternative energy sources will gradually reduce the demand for natural gas in the energy sector.”

May combine two claims.

Carbon neutrality will spur job creation in the clean energy, carbon-free energy, and renewable energy sectors, resulting in economic shocks.

“On the other hand, carbon neutrality will spur job creation in the clean energy, carbon-free energy, and renewable energy sectors, resulting in economic shocks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Continued advancement of carbon neutrality targets is projected to considerably impact the development and reorganization of the energy mix, particularly in the higher carbon-emitting oil, coal, and natural gas sectors.

“Continued advancement of carbon neutrality targets is projected to considerably impact the development and reorganization of the energy mix, particularly in the higher carbon-emitting oil, coal, and natural gas sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Alternative energy sources will steadily weaken and eventually replace coal use.

“The coal sector’s backward production capacity will progressively be phased out; the coal chemical industry, coal power, and other coal conversion industries will face limited expansion space; and alternative energy sources will steadily weaken and eventually replace coal use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

New models will almost certainly displace certain economic activities or businesses; for example, the existing coal industry and its accompanying infrastructure, manufacturing, and service sectors will likely continue to lose jobs.

“Additionally, new models will almost certainly displace certain economic activities or businesses; for example, the existing coal industry and its accompanying infrastructure, manufacturing, and service sectors will likely continue to lose jobs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Countries with a high demand for crude oil consumption will see their consumption steady and then fall.

“Consumption of refined oil will gradually be phased out in the oil sector; countries with a high demand for crude oil consumption will see their consumption steady and then fall.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Modifying dietary habits (more vegetarian, less meat, less food waste) can help minimize the negative effects of climate change in terms of agricultural land use, food consumption patterns, and waste disposal.

“Simultaneously, modifying dietary habits (more vegetarian, less meat, less food waste) can help minimize the negative effects of climate change in terms of agricultural land use, food consumption patterns, and waste disposal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Consumption of refined oil will gradually be phased out in the oil sector.

“Consumption of refined oil will gradually be phased out in the oil sector; countries with a high demand for crude oil consumption will see their consumption steady and then fall.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Achieving net-zero carbon emissions can benefit the environment, society, and economy, hence promoting global sustainable development.

“Achieving net-zero carbon emissions can benefit the environment, society, and economy, hence promoting global sustainable development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

New energy technologies will accelerate their development on a wide scale, and the development of its new power system will continue, gradually building a new energy consumption economy.

“Meanwhile, in the field of non-fossil energy, new energy technologies will accelerate their development on a wide scale, and the development of its new power system will continue, gradually building a new energy consumption economy.”