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RETRACTED: Biochar modulating soil biological health: A review
Open accessAbstract
Biochar can be used for multifunctional applications including the improvement of soil health and carbon storage, remediation of contaminated soil and water resources, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and odorous compounds, and feed supplementation to improve animal health. A healthy soil preserves microbial biodiversity that is effective in supressing plant pathogens and pests, recycling nutrients for plant growth, promoting positive symbiotic associations with plant roots, improving soil structure to supply water and nutrients, and ultimately enhancing soil productivity and plant growth. As a soil amendment, biochar assures soil biological health through different processes. First, biochar supports habitats for microorganisms due to its porous nature and by promoting the formation of stable soil micro-aggregates. Biochar also serves as a carbon and nutrient source. Biochar alters soil physical and chemical properties, creating optimum soil conditions for microbial diversity. Biochar can also immobilize soil pollutants and reduce their bioavailability that would otherwise inhibit microbial growth. However, depending on the pyrolysis settings and feedstock resources, biochar can be comprised of contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements that can inhibit microbial activity, thereby impacting soil health.
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“This phytoremediation mechanism can be further enhanced by cultivating the plant in conjunction with biochar amendments, which improve soil structure and increase nutrient availability while simultaneously immobilizing PTEs and reducing their uptake into above-ground tissues [20, 21].”
From Differential effects of sewage sludge and food waste biochars on Miscanthus × giganteus phytostabilization on acidic brownfield soil (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“When applied as an amendment to the soil, this material can improve soil health, enhance plant productivity and phytoremediation by immobilizing pollutants, increasing soil pH, enriching microbial activity, and improving soil structure and nutrient availability [19–21].”
From Differential effects of sewage sludge and food waste biochars on Miscanthus × giganteus phytostabilization on acidic brownfield soil (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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Kimura, A., Uchida, Y., & Madegwa, Y. M. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12101548 · Cited by 10
Ma, L., Min, W., Guo, H., Li, Q., Xu, W.-X., & Hou, Z. (2020) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil & Plant Science · doi:10.1080/09064710.2020.1853214 · Cited by 8
Venkatesh, G., Srinivasarao, C., Venkateswarlu, B., Gopinath, K. A., Prasad, J., Reddy, B. S., Sasikala, C., Rao, G. R., & Babu, P. V. R. (2013) · Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development · Cited by 6
[Effects of biochar on soil nutrients leaching and potential mechanisms: A review].
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 315 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Bhattacharjya, 2016, Biochar and crop residue application to soil: effect on soil biochemical properties, nutrient availability and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 62, 1095
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- Filho, 2020, Impact of coffee biochar on soil carbon, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in semiarid Sandy soil cultivated with maize, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 13, 903
- Guangping, 2020, Effects of banana stems-leaves biochar on soil properties and control of banana fusarium wilt, Ecol. Environ. Sci., 29, 2373
- Nataraja, 2021, Comparative analysis of chemical composition and spectral properties of biochar produced from Pigeonpea and cotton residues, ANGRAU, 49, 23
- Yu-xue, 2015, Effects of biochar on soil nutrients leaching and potential mechanisms: a review, Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 26, 304
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ding, Y., Gao, X., Shu, D., Siddique, K. H. M., Song, X., Wu, P., Li, C., & Zhao, X. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171332 · Cited by 107
Self-citationAdvancements in Water‐Saving Strategies and Crop Adaptation to Drought: A Comprehensive Review
Franco‐Navarro, J. D., Padilla, Y. G., Álvarez, S., Calatayud, Á., Colmenero-Flores, J. M., Gómez‐Bellot, M. J., Hernández, J. A., Martínez-Alcalá, I. M., Penella, C., Pérez-Pérez, J. G., et al. (2025) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.70332 · Cited by 126
Ghorbani, M., & Amirahmadi, E. (2024) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2024.106282 · Cited by 70
Semenova, Y. M., Makalkina, L., Glushkova, N., & Gaipov, A. (2025) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics14121183 · Cited by 51
Biochar as a carrier for plant growth-promoting bacteria in phytoremediation of pesticides
Kamyab, H., Chelliapan, S., Khalili, E., Rezania, S., Balasubramanian, B., Taheri, M. M., Simancas‐Racines, D., Rajendran, S., & Yusuf, M. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100673 · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Bolan, S., Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, M., Rao, C. S., Nataraj, K. C., Singh, G., Vinu, A., Bhowmik, A., Sharma, H., El-Naggar, A., Chang, S. X., Hou, D., Rinklebe, J., Wang, H., Siddique, K. H. M., Abbott, L. K., Kirkham, M. B., & Bolan, N.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Shoolini University (IN)
- Amity University (IN)
- Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (IN)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- University of Wuppertal (DE)
- Foshan University (CN)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bolan, Nanthi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 914
- Pages
- 169585
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4390276564
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 315
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 30
- FWCI
- 31.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Humic Substances and Bio-Organic Studies
- Keywords
- biochar, soil biological health, soil microbial diversity, soil amendment, soil microaggregates, soil carbon storage, soil remediation, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, plant pathogen suppression, nutrient immobilization, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, potentially toxic elements
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Charcoal, Environmental Pollution, Soil, Soil Pollutants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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