Clinical practice guidelines for switching or deprescribing hypnotic medications for chronic insomnia: Results of European neuropsychopharmacology and sleep expert's consensus group
Abstract
Introduction Current guidelines recommend cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia. Pharmacological recommendations by European guidelines for the treatment of insomnia disorder include positive GABAergic modulators such as short and medium acting benzodiazepines and "Z-drugs" (eszopiclone, zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone), dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs; daridorexant), melatonin receptor agonists (melatonin 2 mg prolonged release - PR). Given the chronic nature of insomnia, the presence of non-responders to some treatments it is often necessary switching between various therapeutic approaches and medications. However, clear guidance regarding safe and effective protocols for switching these medications currently lacks in Europe.Method To address this gap, we used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness to evaluate the appropriateness of procedures for switching medications prescribed for insomnia disorder. Following a systematic review of the literature conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, we then formulated some recommendations.Results Twenty-one papers were selected.Conclusions Discontinuation of Hypnotic Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs should be gradual, with dose reductions of 10-25 % each week. Multi-component CBT-I, daridorexant, eszopiclone, and melatonin 2 mg PR were shown to facilitate the gradual discontinuation of hypnotic benzodiazepines/Z-drugs within a cross-tapered program, which can be delayed when necessary. Finally, daridorexant and melatonin 2 mg PR do not require special switching or deprescribing protocols. Several sedative-hypnotic dosage reduction algorithms are proposed in this work for clinical use in real world settings.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous guidelines recommend integration of multicomponent CBT-I either during or immediately following tapering.
“Integration of multicomponent CBT-I, either during the tapering process 32 70 or immediately following it; 32”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Two previous guidelines specifically addressed BZD/Z deprescribing.
“Two previous guidelines 32 70 specifically addressed BZD/Z deprescribing.”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Previous guidelines recommend that in cases of symptom relapse during tapering, increasing the dose is not advised; instead, maintaining the current dose for a longer period is recommended.
“In cases of symptom relapse during the tapering process, increasing the dose is not advised. Instead, maintaining the current dose for a longer period is recommended. 32 70”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Previous guidelines recommend gradual dose reduction of Z-drugs (10-25% weekly or 25% every 2 weeks with slower taper).
“Gradual dose reduction of Z-drugs, either by decreasing the dose by 10 to 25% weekly, 32 or by 25% every 2 weeks, with a slower taper of 12.5% toward the end of the process. 70”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Previous guidelines recommend considering substitution therapy with eszopiclone, daridorexant, or prolonged-release melatonin.
“Considering substitution therapy with agents such as eszopiclone, daridorexant, or prolonged-release melatonin; 32 70”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Cites
Stang, A. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z · Cited by 17,396 · see citing works
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4 · Cited by 13,874 · see citing works
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/v7gm2_v1 · Cited by 8,090 · see citing works
JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis
(2020) · JBI eBooks · doi:10.46658/jbimes-20-01 · Cited by 4,165 · see citing works
(2001) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 2,158 · see citing works
A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment
Spielman, A. J., Caruso, L. S., & Glovinsky, P. B. (1987) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30532-x · Cited by 1,261 · see citing works
The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023
Riemann, D., Espie, C. A., Altena, E., Arnardottir, E. S., Baglioni, C., Bassetti, C. L. A., Bastien, C., Berzina, N., Bjorvatn, B., Dikeos, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14035 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Self-citationInsomnia disorder: State of the science and challenges for the future
Riemann, D. W., Benz, F., Dressle, R. J., Espie, C. A., Johann, A. F., Blanken, T. F., Leerssen, J., Wassing, R., Henry, A. L., Kyle, S. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13604 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Sleep, insomnia and mental health
Palagini, L., Hertenstein, E., Riemann, D. W., & Nissen, C. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13628 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationLemoine, P., Nir, T., Laudon, M., & Zisapel, N. (2007) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00613.x · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Mignot, E. J.-M., Mayleben, D. W., Fietze, I., Léger, D., Zammit, G. K., Bassetti, C. L., Pain, S., Kinter, D. S., & Roth, T. G. (2022) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00436-1 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Deprescribing benzodiazepine receptor agonists: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline.
(2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Reeve, E., Ong, M., Wu, A., Jansen, J., Petrovic, M., & Gnjidic, D. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-017-2257-8 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Pollack, M. H., Kinrys, G., Krystal, A. D., McCall, W. V., Roth, T. G., Schaefer, K., Rubens, R., Roach, J. M., Huang, H., & Krishnan, R. R. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.551 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Facilitation of Benzodiazepine Discontinuation by Melatonin
Garfinkel, D., Zisapel, N., Wainstein, J., & Laudon, M. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.20.2456 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Wade, A. G., Crawford, G. M., Ford, I., McConnachie, A., Nir, T., Laudon, M., & Zisapel, N. (2010) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.537317 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Deprescribing benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in community-dwelling adults: a scoping review
Pollmann, A. S., Murphy, A. L., Bergman, J. C., & Gardner, D. M. (2015) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-015-0019-8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Daridorexant in Patients with Insomnia Disorder
Kunz, D., Dauvilliers, Y. A., Beneš, H., Garcı́a-Borreguero, D., Plazzi, G., Kinter, D. S., Coloma, P. M., Rausch, M., Sassi-Sayadi, M., & Thein, S. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00980-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Palagini, L., Manni, R., Aguglia, E., Amore, M., Brugnoli, R., Bioulac, S., Bourgin, P., Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., Girardi, P., Grassi, L. G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688890 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationKrystal, A. D., D, M. F. M., Rubens, R., Wessel, T. C., Caron, J., Wilson, P. J., Roth, T. G., & McCall, W. V. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26745 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Sweetman, A., Putland, S., Lack, L. C., McEvoy, R. D., Adams, R., Grunstein, R. R., Stocks, N., Kaambwa, B., Ryswyk, E. V., Gordon, C. J., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101404 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Light therapy in insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Chambe, J., Reynaud, È., Maruani, J., Fraih, E., Geoffroy, P. A., & Bourgin, P. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13895 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationWatson, N. F., Benca, R. M., Krystal, A. D., McCall, W. V., & Neubauer, D. N. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12072493 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Takaesu, Y., Utsumi, T., Okajima, I., Shimura, A., Kotorii, N., Kuriyama, K., Yamashita, H., Suzuki, M., Watanabe, N., & Mishima, K. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101214 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lähteenmäki, R., Puustinen, J., Vahlberg, T., Lyles, A., Neuvonen, P. J., Partinen, M., Räihä, I., & Kivelä, S.-L. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12294 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in insomnia: A systematic review
Palagini, L., Geoffroy, P. A., Gehrman, P., Miniati, M., Gemignani, A., & Riemann, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13868 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPalagini, L., Geoffroy, P. A., Balestrieri, M., Miniati, M., Biggio, G., Liguori, C., Menicucci, D., Ferini‐Strambi, L., Nobili, L., Riemann, D. W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13825 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationChapoutot, M., Peter‐Derex, L., Schoendorff, B., Faivre, T., Bastuji, H., & Putois, B. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13199 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Baandrup, L., Fagerlund, B., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0711-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Baandrup, L., Glenthoj, B. Y., & Jennum, P. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.031 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wright, A., Diebold, J., Otal, J., Stoneman, C., Wong, J., Wallace, C., & Duffett, M. (2015) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0322-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Baandrup, L., Lindschou, J., Winkel, P., Gluud, C. N., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1048725 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Martin, P., & Tannenbaum, C. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0432-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Carpi, M., Palagini, L., Fernandes, M., Calvello, C., Geoffroy, P. A., Miniati, M., Pini, S., Gemignani, A., Mercuri, N. B., & Liguori, C. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109815 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationLasting treatment effects in a postmarketing surveillance study of prolonged-release melatonin
Hajak, G., Lemme, K., & Zisapel, N. (2014) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000046 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kunz, D., Bineau, S., Maman, K., Milea, D., & Toumi, M. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.638284 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Palagini, L., Manni, R., Liguori, C., Gennaro, L. D., Gemignani, A., Fanfulla, F., Ferri, R., Nobili, L., & Ferini‐Strambi, L. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12112-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMaruani, J., Reynaud, È., Chambe, J., Palagini, L., Bourgin, P., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13939 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of Hypnotic Discontinuation in Chronic Insomnia
Bélanger, L., Belleville, G., & Morin, C. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.07.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shigetsura, Y., Imai, S., Endo, H., Shimizu, Y., Ueda, K., Murai, T., Itohara, K., Nakagawa, S., Yonezawa, A., Ikemi, Y., et al. (2022) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000499 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Baandrup, L., Fasmer, O. B., Glenthoj, B. Y., & Jennum, P. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1062-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Morera, A. M., Fernández-López, L., & Abreu-González, P. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107994 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Daridorexant treatment for chronic insomnia: a real-world retrospective single-center study
Fernandes, M., Placidi, F., Mercuri, N. B., & Liguori, C. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07326-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationMultidisciplinary Approach to Deprescribing Sedative-Hypnotic Medications in Geriatric Primary Care
Fixen, D. R., Farro, S. A., Shanbhag, P., Parnes, B. L., & Vejar, M. V. (2022) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319221103416 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aoki, Y., Takaesu, Y., Suzuki, M., Okajima, I., Takeshima, M., Shimura, A., Utsumi, T., Kotorii, N., Yamashita, H., Kuriyama, K., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12219 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Quetiapine withdrawal: A systematic review
Monahan, K., Cuzens-Sutton, J., Siskind, D. J., & Kisely, S. R. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420965693 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hypnotic Discontinuation in Chronic Insomnia
Hintze, J. P., & Edinger, J. D. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.06.014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Role of Melatonin in the Management of Substance Addiction: A Systematic Review
Das, A., Prithviraj, M., & Mohanraj, P. S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.26764 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kosto, A., Lev, D. Z., Reiss, N., Meged‐Book, T., & Press, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.6012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An, J. H., Park, M. J., Fava, M., Mischoulon, D., Kim, H., Jang, J., Hong, J. P., Park, J. S., & Jeon, H. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00444 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Palagini, L., Geoffroy, P. A., Alfì, G., Annuzzi, E., Gurrieri, R., Caruso, V., Miniati, M., Gemignani, A., & Riemann, D. W. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00294-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEdinger, J. D., Wamboldt, F. S., Johnson, R. L., Simmons, B., Tsai, S. C., Morin, C. M., & Holm, K. E. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10616 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bramoweth, A. D., Hough, C. E., McQuillan, A. D., Spitznogle, B. L., Thorpe, C. T., Lickel, J. J., Boudreaux-Kelly, M. Y., Hamm, M., & Germain, A. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/47636 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Goldberg, J. F., McIntyre, R. S., Swartz, H. A., Freeman, M. P., Mago, R., Citrome, L., Rosenblat, J., Thase, M., Tohen, M., Vieta, E., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0043 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nicola, M. D., Pepe, M., Bonomo, L., Milintenda, M., Panaccione, I., Brugnoli, R., & Sani, G. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18030378 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…of benzodiazepines diminishes after one to two weeks of continuous intake, promoting tolerance and dependence [9], while chronic use can result in withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation including rebound insomnia, anxiety, and irri-tability, which further complicate clinical management [10,11].”
Self-citationBiomarkers and Breakdowns: Neuroinflammatory Drivers Linking Sleep Disorders and Chronic Pain
Alves, B., Tavares, I., & Pozza, D. H. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010116 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Palagini, L., Alfì, G., Aquino, G., Grenno, G., Anastasio, L., Annuzzi, E., Cerofolini, G., Coccoglioniti, A., Gambini, M., Gullotta, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70158 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, L., Chen, Y., Tian, M., Wu, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, T., Yang, J., Qu, H., Fan, Z., Wu, S., et al. (2025) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2025.101206 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“102 While these reflect practical clinical practice, they also introduce heterogeneity, complicating result interpretation and practical application.”
Chiappini, S., Gramuglia, P. D., Palagini, L., Miuli, A., Auriacombe, M., & Martinotti, G. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6040121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent Status and Research Trends in Deprescribing: A Bibliometric Review
Shi, C., Li, X., Wu, Y. T., Qin, W., & Liu, L. (2025) · Drug Healthcare and Patient Safety · doi:10.2147/dhps.s557043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Daridorexant: exploring its role in the treatment of insomnia disorder
Winter, Y., & Arnaldi, D. (2026) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2026.2639557 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, the tapering off should be no faster than 25% of the dosage per week [93] (sometimes even slower, if patients were treated for a very long time).”
Lu, Q., Gu, H., Jiang, Z., Yang, Q., Hu, W., & He, C. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sleep disorders in addictions: State of the art and management
Mauries, S., Davido, G., Lejoyeux, M., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2026) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2026.02.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationStelzer, F. G., Bacelar, A., Éckeli, A. L., Negrão, A. B., Almeida, C. M. O., Franco, C. M. R., Pires, G. N., Gitaí, L. L. G., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., Assis, M., et al. (2025) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1812323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Two previous guidelines 32,70 speci fi cally addressed BZD/Z deprescribing.”
InfluentialKrakow, B. J., & Krakow, J. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.03.014
Sunaga, T., Ishii, S., Nagao, M., Nakamura, S., Iso, Y., & Ebato, M. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/20523211.2025.2594821
“Orexin receptor antagonists are recommended as the first-line treatment for insomnia in many clinical situations (Palagini et al., 2025; Takaesu et al., 2022).”
Summoning the Sandman: Mitigating the rebound effects of hypnotic therapy
Lurie, B., & Cordier, W. (2025) · SA pharmaceutical journal. · doi:10.36303/sapj.3727
Wang, L., Xiong, X., Wang, B., Li, H., Li, G., & Liu, F. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.111762
Gao, S., Feng, X., Li, Q., & Fan, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1788736
“When deprescribing, gradual tapering is recommended, and switching to agents like daridorexant may facilitate the process due to lower rebound risk (Palagini et al., 2025).”
Chen, Y., Shen, P., Zhou, G. H., Xu, W., Wan, Y., & Wang, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1835295
“Based on the 2025 European clinical practice guideline recommending a gradual dose reduction of 10–25% per week for NBZDs (27), and supported by two clinical studies that successfully employed a weekly 25% reduction strategy (21, 28), NBZDs will be reduced at a rate of 25% of the baseline dose per…”
Ausserhofer, D., Lombardo, S., Barbieri, V., Piccoliori, G., Prainsack, D. H. V. S., & Wiedermann, C. J. (2026) · Annali di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità · doi:10.7416/ai.2026.18764
“A European consensus reinforces this position, highlighting the risks of long-term benzodiazepine use (45).”
Zhu, J., Lin, Y., Chen, Y. Y., & Zhao, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1857226
“Conventional treatments consist of pharmacotherapy (e.g., benzodiazepines, Z − drugs, melatonin receptor agonists) (5) and cognitive − behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT − I) (6).”
Recommendations on switching or deprescribing hypnotic medications for insomnia
Hajak, G., Fietze, I., Schöbel, C., Saletu, M., Högl, B., & Winter, Y. (2026) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2026.0141
Prise en charge de l’insomnie : pharmacothérapie
Geoffroy, P. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-78711-9.00040-2
Self-citationEvaluating seltorexant as a treatment option for major depressive disorder
Nicola, M. D., Pepe, M., Marcelli, I., Panaccione, I., & Sani, G. (2026) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2026.2717199
Liu, L., Lu, Y., Nie, L., Wang, C., Wang, L., Chen, B., Guo, Z., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14172856
“Recent clinical guidance on hypnotic switching and deprescribing further emphasizes that BZRA tapering should avoid abrupt discontinuation and should be individualized according to drug type, dose, duration of use, withdrawal symptoms, and patient preferences [18,19].”
Актуальные диагностические возможности при оценке и коррекции нарушений сна: обзор литературы
Savitski, I. S. (2026) · Неврология и нейрохирургия Восточная Европа · doi:10.34883/pi.2026.16.1.053
Expert opinion survey on the pharmacological treatment of insomnia in Japan (2025)
Tagata, H., Hattori, S., Sakurai, H., Tani, H., Kawamata, Y., Katsuki, A., Muraoka, H., Ochi, S., Sawada, K., Nishi, A., et al. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253261489651
The art and science of deprescribing: A practical guide for nurse practitioners
Tuttle, J. L. (2026) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000001359
Yang, N., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, R., Wang, S., Li, Z., Dong, Z., Jiang, H., & Wang, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1961539
“The use of medication for the treatment of sleep disorders such as benzodiazepines, melatoninergic enhancers, and compounds that restrict the activity of two orexin receptors remains prevalent in medical practice (12).”
Álvarez-Ruiz-Larrinaga, A., Armenteros, L., Bellido, C., Triguero, L. L., Martı́nez-Raga, J., Pascual, J., & San, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1927424
“These recommendations are consistent with contemporary European clinical practice guidelines for switching or deprescribing hypnotic medications for chronic insomnia, which state that daridorexant do not necessitate special discontinuing or switching protocols (34).”
- Authors
- Palagini, L., Brugnoli, R., Dell’ Osso, B. M., Di Nicola, M., Maina, G., Martinotti, G., Maruani, J., Mauries, S., Serafini, G., Mencacci, C., Liguori, C., Ferini-Strambi, L., Geoffroy, P. A., & Balestrieri, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
- Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga (IT)
- University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
- Inserm (FR)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (IT)
- ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco (IT)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Udine (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Palagini, Laura
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-04
- Volume
- 128
- Pages
- 117-126
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407027949
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 29.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- chronic insomnia, deprescribing, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, dual orexin receptor antagonists, daridorexant, eszopiclone, melatonin receptor agonists
- MeSH terms
- Orexin Receptor Antagonists, Deprescriptions, Benzodiazepines, Chronic Disease, Consensus Statements as Topic, Europe, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Melatonin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
