Cited by 114Sleep and related disordersImpact of Technology on AdolescentsSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

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“To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults

Bhat, Sushanth, Pinto-Zipp, Genevieve, Upadhyay, Hinesh, Polos, Peter G.·2018·Sleep Health

DOI 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.004

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Abstract

Objectives The use of mobile device-based electronic social media (ESM) in bed is rapidly becoming commonplace, with potentially adverse impacts on sleep and daytime functioning. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which in-bed ESM use is associated with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults.Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted among 855 hospital employees and university students (mean age, 43.6years; 85% female) via an online questionnaire.Results Nearly 70% of participants indulged in in-bed ESM use, with nearly 15% spending an hour or more a night doing so. The degree of in-bed ESM use did not vary by gender, but higher levels of in-bed ESM use were seen in younger and middle-aged than elderly participants. Compared with participants with no in-bed ESM use and controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity, participants with high in-bed ESM use were more likely to have insomnia, anxiety, and short sleep duration on weeknights, but not depression or daytime sleepiness; low in-bed ESM use only increased the likelihood of short sleep duration on weeknights. In-bed ESM use by a bed partner did not have an adverse association with sleep or mood.Conclusions In-bed ESM use is associated with sleep and mood dysfunction in adults. These findings are of relevance to clinicians, therapists, and the public at large, as they suggest that limitation of in-bed ESM use is a potential interventional strategy in the overall management of sleep hygiene and mental health.

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“Studies have shown that insomnia and reduced sleep duration due to social media use contribute to physical exhaustion and tiredness (Bhat et al., 2018).”
Beliefs about Healthy Sleep Habits in Adults with Diabetes Compared to Adults without Diabetes: A Reasoned Action Approach Elicitation Study
Vézina‐Im, L., Morin, C. M., Lapointe, A., & Desroches, S. (2023) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1767751 · Cited by 6
Social Media Use and Sleep Quality in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Scoping Review of Reviews
Ndubisi, A., Agyapong-Opoku, F., & Agyapong, B. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010051 · Cited by 7
“…disrupt sleep–wake cycles; constant notifications; habitual scrolling on platforms late at night; fear of missing out (FOMO); and insufficient rest [8–10], although one study has refuted the direct effect of short-wavelength light (perceived as blue-to-green light), suggesting the effects on sleep…”
Distracted Children? Nighttime Smartphone Use, Children’s Attentional Problems, and School Performance Over Time
Stević, A., Schmuck, D., Thomas, M. F., Karsay, K., & Matthes, J. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231164734 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, engaging in electronic media use for texting and Facebook and Twitter use has been found to relate to sleep dysfunctions (Bhat et al., 2018).”
Background
Attitudes and beliefs about sleep health among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of overweight/obese adults
Johnson, L. C. M., Ortiz, L. B., Jagtiani, A., Barber, L. E., Gujral, U. P., & Johnson, D. A. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.08.006 · Cited by 5
Characterizing sleep in adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Vézina‐Im, L., Turcotte, S., Turcotte, A., Beaulieu, D., Boudreau, F., & Morin, C. (2024) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2024.100078 · Cited by 7
Social Media and the Collective Unconscious
Clapp, J. (2022) · Jung Journal · doi:10.1080/19342039.2022.2088995 · Cited by 5
Social Media Use and Patterns of Emotional Experience
Nabi, R. L., Wolfers, L. N., & King, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197520536.003.0009 · Cited by 6
Stop (to Work) and Go (to Recover) During Mandatory Work From Home: A Three-Wave Study
Molino, M., Dolce, V., Cortese, C. G., Sanseverino, D., & Ghislieri, C. (2023) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981231192988 · Cited by 4
“…insomnia problems, sleep fragmentation, nightmares, and, in general, some specific tendencies in sleep–wake cycles (Bhat & Chokroverty, 2022), which are probably also related to the excessive use of smartphones, whose association with sleep problems has already been highlighted (Bhat et al., 2018).”
Background
Too much social media to sleep: the chained mediation effect of information strain and depressive symptoms on the relationship between social media overload and insomnia
Xie, T., & Wang, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22698-0 · Cited by 10
“Studies pointed out that variations in social media use [10], compulsive social media use [11], and problematic social media use [12] were associated with sleep-related problems like sleep disturbance [13], insomnia [14], and poor sleep quality [10].”
A Cross-Sectional Examination of the Association Between Social Media Use and Sleep Among a Sample of U.S. Army Soldiers
Hill, C. G., Beymer, M. R., Jarvis, B. P., Smith, J. D., Nichols, J., Mysliwiec, V., Pecko, J. A., & Watkins, E. Y. (2019) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz423 · Cited by 4
The Relationship Between Smartphones Used Before Sleep and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Marta, O. F. D., Safitri, A., & Aini, N. (2021) · Jurnal Keperawatan · doi:10.22219/jk.v12i1.15206 · Cited by 4
Sleep Habits, Physical Exercise, and Social Media Use and Their Influence on Perceptions of Physical and Mental Health—Case Study at a Higher Education Institution in Portugal
Oliveira, A. P., Nobre, J. R., Monteiro, F., Rodrigues, C., Louro, O. B., Valente, N., Branquinho, L., Carrajola, N., & Morgado, B. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14030343 · Cited by 4
ASSOCIATION OF EXCESSIVE MOBILE PHONE USAGE WITH SLEEP QUALITY AND FATIGUE SEVERITY: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY IN SAUDI POPULATION
Al-khlaiwi, T., & Habib, S. S. (2021) · Khyber Medical University Journal · doi:10.35845/kmuj.2021.20531 · Cited by 6
Psychosocial determinants of healthy sleep habits in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Vézina‐Im, L., Turcotte, S., Turcotte, A., Beaulieu, D., Boudreau, F., & Morin, C. (2023) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2296464 · Cited by 3
“…study suggest that few adults with diabetes adopt HSH. Close to 75% of adults with diabetes mentioned having used screens in bed in the last month, which is similar to another study in which nearly 70% of adults reported mobile device-based electronic social media in bed (Bhat et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
comparative study: Impact of screen time on sleep quality among university students and school children
Kamaruzihan, N. Q. M., & Soe, M. K. S. (2023) · Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.31436/jop.v3i1.168 · Cited by 4
THE EXCESSIVE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INSOMNIA AMONG NURSING STUDENTS
Siregar, D., Adellia, A., Harefa, A. H., Oriza, Y., Siregar, D., & Hutasoit, E. O. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) · doi:10.29082/ijnms/2021/vol5/iss2/352 · Cited by 3
Sleep and sleep-modifying factors in chronic migraine patients during the COVID-19 lockdown
Currò, C. T., Ciacciarelli, A., Vitale, C., Spina, P. L., Toscano, A., Vita, G., Trimarchi, G. R., Silvestri, R., & Autunno, M. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06378-0 · Cited by 3
Bedtime Social Media Use and Sleep: A New Understanding of Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Processes
Scott, H., & Cleland Woods, H. (2025) · The Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.11 · Cited by 3
The Relationship between Addictive Use of Social Media and Psychiatric Disorders: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation
Magalhães, J. R., Figueiredo, M. M. C., Santos, A. B. T. M. D., Cefalì, F., Solfa, D. D. O., Neto, R. B. M., Fontenelle, S. G. P., Girão, M. V. F., Barreiros, R. M., Stangherlin, L., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Clinical Medicine and Review · doi:10.52600/2965-0968.bjcmr.2024.2.4.34-43 · Cited by 3
“There is already data indicating a 70% increase in the time spent [2, 3].”
Background
Characterising and Comparing the Sleep Characteristics and Behaviours of Female and Male Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Survey of an Elite Soccer Club
Sanders, N., Randell, R. K., Thomas, C., Bailey, S. J., & Clifford, T. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13060189 · Cited by 3
“…the use of electronic devices close to bedtime disrupts sleep [70]; however, the use of technology before bedtime is not unique to athletic populations, with 90% of the American general population [71] and young adult UK population [70] reporting the use of technology in the hour preceding bedtime.”
The complex association between bedtime screen use and adult sleep health
Vézina‐Im, L., Morin, C. M., Chen, S., Ivers, H., Carney, C. E., Chaput, J., Dang‐Vu, T. T., Davidson, J. R., & Robillard, R. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.06.010 · Cited by 3
Does media use before bedtime affect the sleep of psychosomatic rehabilitation patients?
Faber, J., Steinbrecher-Hocke, I., Bommersbach, P., & Schlarb, A. A. (2020) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-020-00282-5 · Cited by 2
Parasomnias During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Laudo, F. D., Mainieri, G., & Provini, F. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.10.012 · Cited by 2
Avoiding burnout: A gastroenterologist's toolbox
Patel, R. V., & Keswani, R. N. (2019) · Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.tgie.2019.07.004 · Cited by 2
Beliefs of women of childbearing age on healthy sleep habits: a reasoned action approach elicitation study
Vézina‐Im, L., Beaulieu, D., Thompson, D. I., Nicklas, T. A., & Baranowski, T. (2021) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1966159 · Cited by 2
Pros and Cons of Work Passion: Work-Family Conflict and Insomnia in Academics During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ghislieri, C., Sanseverino, D., Colombo, L., Zito, M., Spagnoli, P., & Molino, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251357038 · Cited by 1
“…which represent both personal and organizational costs, is crucial for assessing well-being in the academic context and implementing targeted interventions, such as technology disconnection policies or sleep hygiene courses and programs (Bhat et al., 2018; Olson et al., 2015; Redeker et al., 2019).”
Sleep health, daily and nightly social media use, and positive and negative social media experiences among Hispanic adults: A daily diary study
Garcia, M. A., Vernon, A. R., Pérez-Martinez, R. F., Romero, E. J., Aguirre, A. P., Cooper, T. V., & Volpert‐Esmond, H. I. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2026.05.009 · Cited by 1
The excessive use of social media and its relationship to insomnia among female students in Hail University
Halima Mohamed, A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational & Psychological Studies · doi:10.31559/eps2021.9.3.16 · Cited by 1
“Table (11) shows that there are statistically significant differences in marital status, F = 33.”
Background
The Impact of Using Gadgets and Social Media
Salsabila, L. S. R. (2022) · KESANS International Journal of Health and Science · doi:10.54543/kesans.v1i4.43 · Cited by 2
Association Between Electronic Device Use at Bedtime and COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Adverse Events During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study
Kang, K. W., Kim, J., Kim, K. T., Kim, M., & Cho, Y. W. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e413 · Cited by 1
“40 Although a considerable amount of evidence links EUB to physical and mental health symptoms, 18,29,30,34 less research has focused on exploring the effect of EUB on mental health compared to BP.”
Background
O papel mediador da dependência de mídia social e da qualidade do sono na associação entre tempo de uso de mídia social e sintomas depressivos em universitários
Rufino, J. V., Rodrigues, R., Mesas, A. E., & Guidoni, C. M. (2024) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311xpt097423 · Cited by 6
“…do smartphone , que pode afetar o sistema de temporização do ciclo sono-vigília e a liberação da melatonina, resul-tando em alterações psicológicas e elevados níveis de depressão 7,52 , além da associação entre o maior tempo de uso de mídias sociais e um menor tempo disponível para dormir 53,54 .”
Problematic Social Media Use and Anxiety: A Literature Review and Conceptual ModelPreprint
Sahu, A., Shukla, V., Gillespie, K. M., Tobin, S. J., & Bartlett, S. E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8225360/v1 · Cited by 2
Does social media use adversely affect sleep duration in adults?
Wasey, W., LeVault, K. R., Walker, K., O'Malley, M., & Wallman, J. (2021) · Evidence-Based Practice · doi:10.1097/ebp.0000000000001249
Living through the COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius: mental well-being and dependence on Facebook
Ramdawor, S., Putteeraj, M., Moty, N., & Somanah, J. (2022) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-022-00044-4
“Interestingly, while previous studies have reported the use of social media to be most prominent at night reflecting in-bed use of social networking sites [6], contradictory results were observed in this study with a significant use of Facebook throughout the day.”
Result
Schlafstörungen
Spiegelhalder, K., Ebert, D. D., & Lehr, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65816-1_8
15. Sleep Behaviors and Disorders
Peppard, P. E., Hagen, E. W., & Hale, L. E. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533377ch15

Authors: Bhat, S., Pinto-Zipp, G., Upadhyay, H., & Polos, P. G.
Affiliations: John F. Kennedy Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Bhat, Sushanth
ORCID: Upadhyay, Hinesh
Venue: Sleep Health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-04
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 166-173
ISSN: 2352-7218 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.004
OpenAlex: W2783475325
Cited by: 114
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 11.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, anxiety, depression, sleep duration, sleep hygiene, mobile devices, adults
MeSH terms: Sleepiness, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Beds, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Time Factors, Young Adult, Social Media

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“To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults

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