Cited by 1,545Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disordersSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

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Epidemiology of the human circadian clock

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Roenneberg, Till, Kuehnle, Tim, Juda, Myriam, Kantermann, Thomas, Allebrandt, Karla, Gordijn, Marijke, Merrow, Martha·2007·Sleep Medicine Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.005

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Abstract

Humans show large inter-individual differences in organising their behaviour within the 24-h day-this is most obvious in their preferred timing of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep and wake times show a near-Gaussian distribution in a given population, with extreme early types waking up when extreme late types fall asleep. This distribution is predominantly based on differences in an individuals' circadian clock. The relationship between the circadian system and different "chronotypes" is formally and genetically well established in experimental studies in organisms ranging from unicells to mammals. To investigate the epidemiology of the human circadian clock, we developed a simple questionnaire (Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ) to assess chronotype. So far, more than 55,000 people have completed the MCTQ, which has been validated with respect to the Horne-Østberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), objective measures of activity and rest (sleep-logs and actimetry), and physiological parameters. As a result of this large survey, we established an algorithm which optimises chronotype assessment by incorporating the information on timing of sleep and wakefulness for both work and free days. The timing and duration of sleep are generally independent. However, when the two are analysed separately for work and free days, sleep duration strongly depends on chronotype. In addition, chronotype is both age- and sex-dependent.

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Authors: Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Juda, M., Kantermann, T., Allebrandt, K., Gordijn, M., & Merrow, M.
Affiliations: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie (DE)
University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Roenneberg, Till
ORCID: Roenneberg, Till
Juda, Myriam
Kantermann, Thomas
Allebrandt, Karla
Gordijn, Marijke
Merrow, Martha
Venue: Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-12
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 429-438
ISSN: 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.005
OpenAlex: W2171931117
Cited by: 1,545
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 101 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 1.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: circadian clock, chronotype, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, sleep timing, sleep duration, actigraphy, questionnaire validation, age and sex differences, interindividual variability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Algorithms, Biological Clocks, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Sex Factors, Sleep, Wakefulness, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm

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