Cited by 890Statistics Education and MethodologiesStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceEducational Research and Methods

Mindless statistics.

Open access
Gigerenzer, Gerd·2004·The Journal of Socio-Economics

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • By comparing data to national health registry data, the sample was in fact representative of the target population based on the demographic data collected.

    “by comparing our data to national health registry data [54] (see Table 2) we can see that our sample was in fact representative of the target population based on the demographic data that was collected.”

    From Exploring emotional well-being, spiritual, religious and personal beliefs and telomere length in chronic pain patients—A pilot study with cross-sectional design (2024) · cites this paper as [54]

    The passages in “7. Meehl’s conjecture” discuss statistical significance and a personality-inventory dataset, not national health registry data. Searches for registry data, demographic comparisons, and sample representativeness found no passage addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 32

  1. Acree, M.C., 1978. Theories of Statistical Inference in Psychological Research: A Historicocritical Study. Disser- tation. University Microfilms International H790 H7000, Ann Arbor, MI. American Psychological Association, 1974. Publication Manual, 2nd ed., 3rd ed., 1983; 4th ed., 1994; 5th ed., 2001. Garamond/Pridemark Press, Baltimore, MD.
  2. Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Thompson, W.L., 2000. Null hypothesis testing: problems, prevalence, and an alternative. Journal of Wildlife Management 64, 912-923.
  3. Bakan, D., 1966. The test of significance in psychological research. Psychological Bulletin 66, 423-437.
  4. Czerlinski, J., Gigerenzer, G., Goldstein, D.G., 1999. How good are simple heuristics? In: Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P.M., the ABC Reading Group, Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 97-118.
  5. Ferguson, L., 1959. Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  6. Feynman, R., 1998. The Meaning of it All: Thoughts of a Citizen-Scientist. Perseus Books, Reading, MA, pp. 80-81.
  7. Fidler, F., 2002. The fifth edition of the APA Publication Manual: why its statistics recommendations are so controversial. Educational and Psychological Measurement 62, 749-770.
  8. Fisher, R.A., 1955. Statistical methods and scientific induction. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (B) 17, 69-77.
  9. Gigerenzer, G., 1987. Probabilistic thinking and the fight against subjectivity. In: Krüger, L., Gigerenzer, G., Morgan, M. (Eds.), The Probabilistic Revolution. Vol. II: ideas in the Sciences. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 11-33.
  10. Gigerenzer, G., 1993. The superego, the ego, and the id in statistical reasoning. In: Keren, G., Lewis, C. (Eds.), A Handbook for Data Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences: Methodological Issues. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 311-339.
  11. Gigerenzer, G., 2000. Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World. Oxford University Press, New York.
  12. Gigerenzer, G., 2002. Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You. Simon & Schuster, New York (UK edition: Reckoning with Risk: Learning to Live with Uncertainty. Penguin, London).
  13. Gigerenzer, G., Krauss, S., Vitouch, O., 2004. The null ritual: What you always wanted to know about null hypothesis testing but were afraid to ask. In: Kaplan, D. (Ed.), Handbook on Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 389-406.
  14. Gigerenzer, G., Swijtink, Z., Porter, T., Daston, L., Beatty, J., Krüger, L., 1989. The Empire of Chance. How Probability Changed Science and Every Day Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  15. Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P.M., The ABC Research Group, 1999. Simple Heuristics that Make Us Smart. Oxford University Press, New York.
  16. Guilford, J.P., 1942. Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education, 3rd ed., 1956; 6th ed., 1978 (with Fruchter, B). McGraw-Hill, New York.
  17. Hoffrage, U., Hertwig, R., Gigerenzer, G., 2000. Hindsight bias: a by-product of knowledge updating? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, 566-581.
  18. Luce, R.D., 1988. The tools-to-theory hypothesis. Review of G. Gigerenzer and D.J. Murray, "Cognition as intuitive statistics". Contemporary Psychology 33, 582-583.
  19. McCloskey, D.N., Ziliak, S., 1996. The standard error of regression. Journal of Economic Literature 34, 97- 114.
  20. Meehl, P.E., 1978. Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46, 806-834.
  21. Melton, A.W., 1962. Editorial. Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, 553-557.
  22. Mulaik, S.A., Raju, N.S., Harshman, R.A., 1997. There is a time and a place for significance testing. In: Harlow, L.L., Mulaik, S.A., Steiger, J.H. (Eds.), What if there were no significance tests? Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 65-115.
  23. Neyman, J., 1957. Inductive behavior as a basic concept of philosophy of science. International Statistical Review 25, 7-22.
  24. Nickerson, R.S., 2000. Null hypothesis significance testing: a review of an old and continuing controversy. Psy- chological Methods 5, 241-301.
  25. Nunally, J.C., 1975. Introduction to Statistics for Psychology and Education. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  26. Oakes, M., 1986. Statistical Inference: A Commentary for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Wiley, NY.
  27. Pollard, P., Richardson, J.T.E., 1987. On the probability of making Type I errors. Psychological Bulletin 102, 159-163.
  28. Roberts, S., Pashler, H., 2000. How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing. Psychological Review 107, 358-367.
  29. Rosenthal, R., Rubin, D.R., 1982. Comparing effect sizes of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin 92, 500-504.
  30. Rucci, A.J., Tweney, R.D., 1980. Analysis of variance and the "second discipline" of scientific psychology: a historical account. Psychological Bulletin 87, 166-184.
  31. Skinner, B.F., 1984. A Matter of Consequences. New York University Press, New York.
  32. Tversky, A., Kahneman, D., 1971. Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin 76, 105-110.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gigerenzer, G.
Affiliations
Max Planck Institute for Human Development (DE)
Corresponding author
Gigerenzer, Gerd
Venue
The Journal of Socio-Economics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-11
Volume
33
Issue
5
Pages
587-606
ISSN
1053-5357 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4240809722
Cited by
890
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 69 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
FWCI
7.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Socio-Economics (publishedVersion)
  • Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
  • Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
Keywords
null hypothesis significance testing, statistical thinking, hypothesis testing, research practices, academic sanctions, statistics education

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review