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Being treated differently: Stigma experiences with family, peers, and school staff among adolescents with mental health disorders
Abstract
Stigma directed at adolescents diagnosed with emotional and behavioral disorders by individuals in their interpersonal network likely undermines their wellbeing, yet little is known about their subjective stigma experiences. In particular, the prospect of diagnosed youth experiencing prejudice and discrimination by family members has not previously been examined. This study examines adolescents' perceptions of being treated 'differently' because of mental health problems by family members, peers, and school staff. Qualitative analysis of narratives from mixed method interviews with 56 adolescents in a mid-western US city demonstrated variation in the perceived extent and nature of stigma and in contextual factors perceived as promoting or protecting from stigmatization, depending on the interpersonal domain. The greatest number of participants experienced stigmatization in relationships with peers (62%); this often led to friendship losses and transitions. Participants reporting no peer stigmatization often reported socializing with others "in the same boat" or concealing problems--methods of avoiding potentially stigmatizing interactions. Close to half (46%) described experiencing stigmatization by family members, which often took the form of unwarranted assumptions, distrust, avoidance, pity, and gossip. About one third (35%) of participants reported stigma perpetrated by school staff, who expressed fear, dislike, avoidance, and under-estimation of their abilities. Fortunately, 22% reported "different" treatment by school staff, but this treatment was interpreted as positive and supportive. Results showed that perceived stigmatization in one domain was associated with perceived stigma in other domains. The results suggest that efforts to combat stigmatization of youth with mental health disorders must help family members, peers, and school staff overcome their inclinations to make negative assumptions and discriminate against these youth.
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“Detrimental stigma outcomes in young people were mostly related to their need to preserve social identity and social capital.87,88”
From The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health (2022) · cites this paper as [87]
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“Although it has been suggested that some family members may stigmatize their relatives with mental illness (e.g., Moses, 2010), caution must be exercised to discriminate family stigmatization from normative family tensions and conflict that arise when family members first learn about the illness…”
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“87,88 Young people in that survey also reported stigma perpetrated by school staff, who expressed fear, dislike, avoidance, and underestimation of their abilities.”
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“Parental factors were also of relevance, in that parental optimism and a greater faith in the child ’ s ability to control behavior was protective against self-stigmatization, whereas parental secrecy increased self-stigma (Moses, 2010a), resulting in greater personal rejection and shame.”
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“Adolescents with mental illness fear the discovery of their mental illness by their peers, school personnel, and others in their social network (Moses, 2010).”
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“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Going forward, comprehensively addressing interpersonal, self, and structural stigma requires multi-level approaches (Rao et al., 2019) because stigma in one domain is associated with other domains (Moses, 2010).”
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“In the mental health area, numbers often underestimate the actual prevalence of mental health problems due to diagnostic challenges (Mathews et al., 2011), stigmatization (Moses, 2010), and subsequent reluctance to seek help (Reavley et al., 2010).”
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“Some of the questions for this survey were taken from the Survey of Educators (Short et al., 2009) or based on the findings of Moses (2010).”
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BackgroundDrug use and crime after incarceration: The role of family support and family conflict
Mowen, T. J., & Visher, C. A. (2015) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2013.771207 · Cited by 141
“Supporting the second point, a vast amount of research highlights the importance of family, self-esteem, and emotional support for stigmatized individuals (Moses, 2010).”
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“Its features could be translated into health services and offer easy access [1,3], safeguarded anonymity [4], and opportunities to receive help without the fear of stigmatization [6].”
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“Stigma is frequently cited as a barrier to both forming and maintaining relationships with others (Jivanjee et al., 2008; Kranke et al., 2010; Leavey, 2005; Moses, 2010).”
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“This study, however, did find that some youth experienced stigma across several proximal domains (e.g., family, peers, school) but that females and ethnic minorities reported less peer stigmatization (Moses, 2010).”
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DuPont‐Reyes, M. J., Villatoro, A. P., Phelan, J. C., Painter, K., & Link, B. G. (2019) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000425 · Cited by 111
“Girls in treatment also receive less “unwarranted assumptions, distrust, avoidance, pity, and gossip” from peers (Moses, 2010).”
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“This worry is reasonable: adolescents who disclosed their mental health issues report stigmatization from some peers, teachers, and school staff (Moses, 2010).”
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“Pity, similar to distrust, avoidance or gossip, may also be a subtle form of stigmatisation by family members and friends.(32) Patients and other sufferers fear pity because they do not want their partners to view them as ‘sickly’ and consequently leave the relationship.”
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“…echo that of other research focusing on stigma for individuals with health conditions, specifically that exclusionary practices and discrimination are experienced in settings with peers, family, teachers and members of society at large (Puhl & Brownell 2006, Moses 2010, Hinton & Kirk 2014).”
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“Stigma canhavemany adverse effects on youngpeople suffering with a mental illness, including feelings of hopelessness, reduced self-esteem, and delayed helpseeking.(42) In order to improve the lives of people with mental illness, stigma must be addressed as a matter of urgency.”
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Nieva, J. O. D., Joaquin, J. A., Tan, C. B., Te, R. K. M., & Ong, E. (2020) · International HCI and UX Conference in Indonesia (CHIuXiD) · doi:10.1145/3431656.3431657 · Cited by 56
“However, students tend to avoid approaching others regarding their stress or to seek therapy from a health care provider because of fear of social stigma [7, 23, 34].”
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“, 2005), with some citing stigmatisation perpetrated by peers, family members and school staff as a result of having sought help (Moses, 2010).”
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“2014; Moses 2010).”
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Self-citationStigma in help-seeking: the case of adolescents
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“In one study, 20% of adolescents identified stigma associated with having a mental illness as a major concern (Moses, 2010b).”
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“…of all ages from late childhood to early adulthood suggest that they would internalise symptoms of mental health problems, and try to cope with them independently (Armstrong and others, 2000; Johansson and others, 2007; MacLean and others, 2010) and conceal mental health service use (Moses, 2010).”
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Saunders, V. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.012 · Cited by 48
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Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Stigma Among Soldiers
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“…abuse (Reynolds, Lehman, & Bennett, 2008; van Olphen, Eliason, Freudenberg, & Barnes, 2009), mental health problems (Interian et al., 2010; Moses, 2010), body weight (Hayden, Dixon, Dixon, Playfair, & O’Brien, 2010; Schmalz, 2010), sexual preference (Hatzenbuehler, Nolen-Hoeksema, &…”
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“The difficulty of these tasks may be compounded for youth receiving psychiatric treatment who have been “labeled” as mentally ill and who are particularly susceptible to the negative evaluation from peers or others in their environment (Elkington et al., 2012; Moses, 2010a, 2010b).”
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“This finding is supported by Moses (2010) who described that adolescents with MI experienced unfair treatment due to their MI especially from people of their own age and in school.”
BackgroundResultEducator perspectives on mental health resources and practices in their school
Ormiston, H. E., Nygaard, M. A., Heck, O. C., Wood, M., Rodriguez, N., Maze, M., Asomani‐Adem, A. A., Ingmire, K., Burgess, B., & Shriberg, D. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22582 · Cited by 41
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“There is evidence to suggest that youth living with anxiety are commonly stigmatized by their family, peers and school staff [59], which could explain why youth in this study may have guard against through a “masking” of the self.”
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“Other personal outcomes of discrimination were significantly lower self-esteem and sense of agency (Corrigan and Watson, 2002; Moses 2010) which led to even greater anticipated (expected) acts of social exclusion in the mentally ill than actual experienced ones (Thornicroft et al.”
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“Similar findings are reported in Moses (2010), on perceived stigma from teachers amongst pupils suffering from mental disorders.”
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“As for adolescents’ experience of stigma, studies have indicated that peer stigmatisation is an important stigma domain (Moses 2010; Chandra and Minkovitz 2007).”
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“The adverse peer relationships experienced by these young people are well documented (Elkington et al., 2012; Moses, 2010) andmarked by themes of the loss of friendships following the onset of symptoms, teasing and harassment by peers, and experiences of isolation and loneliness.”
BackgroundIncreasing knowledge about depression in adolescents: effects of an information booklet
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“Moses [13] reported that 62 % of depressive”
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LARS&LISA: a universal school-based cognitive-behavioral program to prevent adolescent depression
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“Empirical literature indicates that adolescents may experience stigmatization from their family, teachers, and particularly their peers based on mental health issues (Moses, 2010; Platt, Kadosh, & Lau, 2013).”
BackgroundMeyer, J., de Ruyter, K., Grewal, D., Cleeren, K., Keeling, D. I., & Motyka, S. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00673-7 · Cited by 30
“Moses (2010) shows that 62% of adolescents with mental illness experience stigmatization from peers, and 46% had similar stigmatizing experiences with family members.”
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“For example, psychiatric patients may be stigmatized by society (Link, 1987), friends and family members (Moses, 2010) and even health care providers (Arvaniti et al. 2009).”
BackgroundAnxiety Specific Mental Health Stigma and Help-Seeking in Adolescent Males
Clark, L. H., Hudson, J. L., & Haider, T. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01686-0 · Cited by 31
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“Self-stigma, in particular, negatively affects youths’ self-concept, mood, social relations and willingness to seek help (Kranke & Floersch, 2009; Moses, 2009, 2010; Sheffield, Fiorenza, & Sofronoff, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRelative age effect on European adolescents’ social network
Fumarco, L., & Baert, S. (2019) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2019.10.014 · Cited by 28
“, 2017; Schwandt & Wuppermann, 2016); in turn, a disability diagnosis may lead to stigmatization and thus—again—to the avoidance of social contacts (Moses, 2010).”
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“Moses (2010) investigated perceptions and impact of stigma from family members among adolescents with mental health disorders, but did not explore the meaning of this experience.”
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“With regard to experiences of stigma and the effect of depression on adolescents’ relationships with family and friends, Moses (2010) found that individuals who experienced stigma from their peers tended to withdraw socially, or to seek out friends with similar problems.”
BackgroundZhang, L., Li, W., Liu, B., & Xie, W. (2013) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.07.004 · Cited by 28
“A reported that 62% of person with disability said they have experienced stigmatization from peers to the point that their friendships have disintegrated, and 46% from their family, resulting in behaviors such as distrust and lack of sympathy and compassion, thus increasing the likelihood of loneliness, depression and…”
BackgroundBrick, K., Cooper, J. L., Mason, L., Faeflen, S., Monmia, J., & Dubinsky, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.653069 · Cited by 42
“Within the school environment, affected youth perceive stigma against persons with MI from teachers, staff and peers (Moses, 2010; Bowers et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBroomhead, K. E. (2013) · Support for Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9604.12009 · Cited by 27
Vulnerable Youth and Transitions to Adulthood
Xie, R., Sen, B., & Foster, E. (2014) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.20102 · Cited by 28
Marinucci, A., Grové, C., & Allen, K. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09725-5 · Cited by 26
“School staff perceived discussing mental health content as triggering for some students; however, research on student perspectives identifies that increasing education and awareness of mental health are important to reduce stigma and negative attitudes (Chandra & Minkovitz, 2007; Moses, 2010).”
BackgroundKnowledge, contact and stigma of mental illness: comparing three stakeholder groups in Hong Kong
Ran, M.-S., Peng, M.-M., Yau, Y. Y., Zhang, T.-M., Li, X.-H., Wong, I. Y. L., Ng, S., Thornicroft, G., Chan, C. L.-W., & Lu, L. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764021997479 · Cited by 25
“Their experiences with PMI may contain positive aspects that foster supportive attitudes and/or negative aspects that foster stigmatizing attitudes (Corrigan & Nieweglowski, 2019; Moses, 2010; Van der Sanden et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAnttila, M., Ylitalo, M., Kurki, M., Hipp, K., & Valimaki, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249503 · Cited by 25
“It has been estimated that only 10–15% of adolescents receive adequate treatment from health care services [6].”
BackgroundADHD misdiagnosis: Causes and mitigators
Furzer, J., Dhuey, E., & Laporte, A. (2022) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4555 · Cited by 25
Rahmani, F., Ranjbar, F., Ebrahimi, H., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2015) · Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.025 · Cited by 25
Parenting a Child with Mental Health Problems: the Role of Self-Compassion
Shenaar‐Golan, V., Wald, N., & Yatzkar, U. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01744-z · Cited by 31
“They face social stigma related to mental disorders (e.g., Hinshaw & Stier, 2008; Moses, 2010), often exacerbated by feelings of blame for their child’s mental illness due to perceived deficits in their parenting (Crowe et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDeLuca, J. S., Akouri-Shan, L., Jay, S. Y., Redman, S. L., Petti, E., Lucksted, A. A., Rouhakhtar, P. R., Klaunig, M. J., Edwards, S. M., Reeves, G. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000679 · Cited by 28
Hannigan, B., Edwards, D. J., Evans, N., Gillen, E., Longo, M., Pryjmachuk, S., & Trainor, G. (2015) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr03220 · Cited by 28
Green, J. G., Levine, R. S., Oblath, R., Corriveau, K. H., Holt, M. K., & Albright, G. L. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1727793 · Cited by 26
“In one study of adolescents with diagnosed mental disorders, onethird reported perceiving stigma from school staff; for example, believing that school staff feared, disliked, or avoided them (Moses, 2010).”
BackgroundStumbling Into Adulthood: Learning From Depression While Growing Up
Grob, R., Schlesinger, M. J., Wise, M. E., & Pandhi, N. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320914579 · Cited by 23
“First, by creating social distance between the person with depression and peers, depression takes away the “easy path” of conformity followed by so many adolescents (Moses, 2010).”
The Development of an Empirical Model of Mental Health Stigma in Adolescents
Silke, C., Swords, L., & Heary, C. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.033 · Cited by 23
Pukas, L., Rabkow, N., Keuch, L., Ehring, E., Fuchs, S., Stoevesandt, D., Sapalidis, A., Pelzer, A., Rehnisch, C., & Watzke, S. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3205/zma001534 · Cited by 27
“Darüber hinaus könnte das Gespräch mit einem professionellen Berater für betroffene Studierende aufgrund von Stigmatisierungsbedenken gegenüber Gleichaltrigen und Familie einfacher sein [55].”
Background‘It just doesn’t feel right’: a mixed methods study of help-seeking in Irish schools
Doyle, L., Treacy, M. P., & Sheridan, A. (2017) · Advances in School Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/1754730x.2017.1285710 · Cited by 22
“…of stigmatising attitudes as young people with mental health problems are frequently subjected to stigmatising attitudes and behaviours from their peers both in the school setting and outside of this environment (Kranke & Floersch, 2009; Moses, 2010; O’Driscoll, Heary, Hennessy, & McKeague, 2015).”
BackgroundHomophobic Labeling in the Process of Identity Construction
Iudici, A., & Verdecchia, M. (2015) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-015-9287-0 · Cited by 22
Hampson, M. E., Watt, B. D., Hicks, R. E., Bode, A., & Hampson, E. (2017) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896917741327 · Cited by 21
“Nevertheless, stigma continues to have a devastating and ongoing impact on the mental wellbeing of people of all ages living with mental illness (Moses, 2010).”
BackgroundOchoa, S., Martínez-Zambrano, F., García‐Franco, M., Vilamala, S., Ribas, M., Arenas, O., Garcia-Morales, E., Álvarez, I., Escartín, G., Villellas, R., et al. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.06.011 · Cited by 21
“Regarding perception of self-capabilities, Moses (2010) [37] found that one third of younger people with mental disorders reported that others under-estimated their abilities.”
BackgroundConcerns and hopes among adolescents attending adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics
Anttila, K., Anttila, M., Kurki, M., Hätönen, H. M., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Valimaki, M. A. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12074 · Cited by 21
“Although adolescents need support from their immediate families, mental disorders are kept secret (Moses, 2010) due to a fear of stigma and revelation of their mental health history causing loss of contacts (Jivanjee, Kruzich, & Gordon, 2008).”
BackgroundExamining a Mental Health Literacy Intervention Among Economically Disadvantaged Youth
Mumbauer‐Pisano, J., & Barden, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.42.4.04 · Cited by 20
McKeague, L., Hennessy, E., O’Driscoll, C., & Heary, C. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211030924 · Cited by 20
“In childhood and adolescence, stigma often plays out in the peer domain (O’Driscoll, Heary, Hennessy, & McKeague, 2012), and experiences of discrimination in the form of bullying or peer exclusion are not uncommon for young people with a diagnosed mental health problem (Moses, 2010).”
BackgroundRastogi, R., Woolverton, G. A., Stevens, C., Chen, J. A., & Liu, C. H. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115825 · Cited by 20
Miller, I., Peake, E., Strauss, G., Vierra, E., Koepsell, X., Shalchi, B., Padmanabhan, A., & Lake, J. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/43260 · Cited by 19
Silke, C., Swords, L., & Heary, C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.033 · Cited by 19
“Despite the large array of evidence documenting how children and adolescents with mental health difficulties tend to be excluded by their peers (Moses, 2010; Platt et al., 2013), a relatively limited amount of research has focused on examining the reasons why these young people are excluded…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Moses, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moses, Tally
- ORCID
- Moses, Tally
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 985-993
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963733748
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 13.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- stigma, adolescents, mental illness, emotional and behavioral disorders, family stigma, peer stigma, school staff, discrimination, friendship loss, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Faculty, Family, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Interviews as Topic, Male, Peer Group, Schools, Social Environment, Social Perception, Social Support, Stereotyping, United States, Qualitative Research
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