The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times
Open accessAbstract
A substantial portion of the world's population does not have ready access to safe water. Moreover, obtaining water may involve great expense of time and energy for those who have no water sources in or near home. From an historical perspective, with the invention of piped water, fetching water has only recently become largely irrelevant in many locales. In addition, in most instances, wells and clean surface water were so close by that fetching was not considered a problem. However, population growth, weather fluctuations and social upheavals have made the daily chore of carrying water highly problematic and a public health problem of great magnitude for many, especially women, in the poor regions and classes of the world. In this paper, we consider gender differences in water carrying and summarize data about water access and carrying from 44 countries that participated in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) program. Women and children are the most common water carriers, and they spend considerable time (many trips take more than an hour) supplying water to their households. Time is but one measure of the cost of fetching water; caloric expenditures, particularly during droughts, and other measures that affect health and quality of life must be considered. The full costs of fetching water must be considered when measuring progress toward two Millennium Development Goals--increasing access to safe drinking water and seeking an end to poverty.
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In the citing paper
“Women and girls might have increased exposures based on gendered expectations that they collect and treat water, manage dependents’ faeces, and care for ill children.65, 66, 67”
From Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in domestic settings: a global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes (2023) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“First, women and children are generally responsible for water collection in many SSA countries.”
From An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, [20] where queues were shorter [153, 261] or they had priority access, [61] or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist [98,123,153,258].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Women are the primary water-collectors globally, [18,20] devoting considerably more time to water-related tasks than men.”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Women and girls are largely responsible for household water collection (_((((xxx))))_) [18,20,26,62,76,88,89,102,103,110,111,123,131,153,165,179,187,193,198,201,209,229,245,261,273,282,296,301,302,304,305].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“In the African context, most of women’s tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing, rely considerably on water and sanitation services [23] [24].”
From Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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Citations
Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bimla, 2003, Rural women carry the load of fetching water, Indian Journal of Social Work, 64, 65
- Mpetsheni, 2001, Putting a value to women’s work, Agenda, 47, 60
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Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People
McClain, S. N., McMullen, C., Abiodun, B. J., Armiento, G., Bailey, R., Balasubramanian, R., Barra, R., Bowen, K. J., Crump, J., Dankelman, I., et al. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108627146 · Cited by 748
Wolf, J., Hubbard, S., Brauer, M., Ambelu, A., Arnold, B. F., Bain, R., Bauza, V., Brown, J., Caruso, B. A., Clasen, T., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00937-0 · Cited by 377
Young, S. L., Boateng, G. O., Jamaluddine, Z., Miller, J. D., Frongillo, E. A., Neilands, T. B., Collins, S. M., Wutich, A., Jepson, W. E., & Stoler, J. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001750 · Cited by 365
Santos, S. D., Adams, E. A., Neville, G., Wada, Y., de Sherbinin, A., Bernhardt, E. M., & Adamo, S. B. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.157 · Cited by 381
Wolf, J., Johnston, R. B., Ambelu, A., Arnold, B. F., Bain, R., Brauer, M., Brown, J., Caruso, B. A., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00458-0 · Cited by 343
Metadata
- Authors
- Sorenson, S. B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Public/Private Ventures (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sorenson, Susan B.
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1522-1526
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161800506
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.upenn.edu
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UNICEF
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Keywords
- water fetching, safe drinking water access, women's burden, time use, energy expenditure, drought, poverty, Millennium Development Goals, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, low-income countries, domestic water supply
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Male, Safety, Sex Factors, United States, Water Supply, Women's Health
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