Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Open accessAbstract
Achieving access to safe water and sanitation still pose major challenges in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa countries, despite all the progress achieved in the last decade. This study assessed the ability of populations living in poor peri-urban settlements to access improved water and sanitation and identified factors influencing this access, in order to guide sustainable mitigating solutions to address associated health and environmental risks. We conducted a cross-sectional study in six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, the largest municipality of Abidjan. A total of 556 randomly selected households were included. The factors associated with access to improved water and sanitation were identified through explanatory models using multivariate logistic regression. A proportion of 25% of all households assessed did not have access to clean water and 57% lacked improved sanitation. Socioeconomic status and settlement characteristics appear as the main indicators of poor access to reliable water and sanitation in peri-urban settlements. The presence of the household head's wife at home was associated with greater access to clean water (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31), thus highlighting the important role of women in ensuring access to clean water in these specific environments. Household size, education and religion were not significantly associated with the two considered outcomes. Women therefore should be involved at all levels of programming in water promotion in these settlements to improve the population's well-being. While religion does not appear to play an important role in access to water and sanitation, successful interventions should involve religious communities because of their large representation.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional study in six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, Abidjan found that 25% of 556 households lacked access to clean water and 57% lacked improved sanitation. Socioeconomic status, settlement characteristics, and presence of the household head’s wife at home were key factors associated with access.
Key findings
- Of 556 households, 25% did not have access to clean water and 57% lacked improved sanitation; 43% had access to improved sanitation.
- Presence of the household head’s wife at home was associated with greater access to clean water (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31).
- Lower access to clean water was associated with living in a low class socio-economic household (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.97), Béaté cocoterie (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55), and Sikasso (OR < 0.01; 95% CI: <0.01, 0.01).
- Lower access to improved sanitation was associated with living in a very low class socio-economic household (OR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.77) and living in all studied settlements except An 2000 ([0.11 < OR < 0.39]; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.79); 8% had no latrines and practiced open defecation, 18% released latrine content onto the street, and 70% spilled wastewater into streets.
Methods
- Cross-sectional survey conducted in June 2015 in six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon; 556 randomly selected households were included; the calculated minimum sample size was 384, planned at 600, and reduced to 556 due to non-responses.
- A questionnaire covered socio-demographic characteristics and WASH conditions and was administered to the household head or another representative above 14 years of age; one person per household was interviewed.
- Descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regression (significance threshold p ≤ 0.20) were followed by multivariate logistic regression; variance inflation factors were checked, a religion–education interaction was tested and not retained, and outcomes were defined using adapted WHO/UNICEF criteria.
Limitations
- Stated: household income variables were absent, so housing type was used as a proxy for socio-economic status based on the literature.
- Evident from the text: the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality; the sample was reduced from the planned 600 to 556 households due to non-responses; findings are limited to six selected settlements in Yopougon and may not generalize to other settings.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In the multivariate logistic regression model, living in all studied settlements except An 2000 was associated with lower access to improved sanitation (0.11<OR<0.39; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.79).
“and also ‘living in all the studied settlements, except An 2000’ ([0.11<OR<0.39]; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.79).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In multivariate analysis, living in a low class socio-economic household was associated with less access to clean water (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.97).
“Several factors were associated with less access to clean water, including ‘living in a low class socio-economic household’ (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.97) and ‘residence at the settlements Béaté cocoterie (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55) or Sikasso’ (OR<0.01; 95% CI: <0.01, 0.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In 18% of households, latrine content was released onto the street.
“In addition, in 18% of households, content from the latrines was released onto the street contributing to the degradation of the environment and leading to health risks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, about 25% of households did not have access to clean water (76% had access).
“A proportion of 25% of all households assessed did not have access to clean water and 57% lacked improved sanitation.”
- Also stated in: § Access to clean water · plain
“The results revealed that 424 of the 554 respondents (76%) had access to clean water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Access to clean water · plain
- Findingown data
In Sikasso, households were not connected to the drinking water system.
“Households were not connected to the drinking water system”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
A higher education level was associated with increased access to improved sanitation (p < 0.001).
“A ‘higher education level’ was associatied with increased access to improved sanitation (p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In multivariate analysis, residence in Béaté cocoterie was associated with less access to clean water (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55).
“Several factors were associated with less access to clean water, including ‘living in a low class socio-economic household’ (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.97) and ‘residence at the settlements Béaté cocoterie (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55) or Sikasso’ (OR<0.01; 95% CI: <0.01, 0.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In multivariate analysis, the only factor significantly associated with greater access to clean water was the presence of the household head's wife at home (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31).
“The presence of the household head’s wife at home was associated with greater access to clean water (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31), thus highlighting the important role of women in ensuring access to clean water in these specific environments.”
- Also stated in: § Access to clean water · plain
“The multivariate logistic regression model also showed that the only factor significantly associated with greater access to clean water was the presence of the household head's wife at home (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Access to clean water · plain
- Findingown data
In multivariate analysis, residence in Sikasso was associated with less access to clean water (OR < 0.01; 95% CI: <0.01, 0.01).
“Several factors were associated with less access to clean water, including ‘living in a low class socio-economic household’ (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.97) and ‘residence at the settlements Béaté cocoterie (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55) or Sikasso’ (OR<0.01; 95% CI: <0.01, 0.01).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Béaté cocoterie, 11% of surveyed households still use unprotected wells because of recurrent water shortages.
“In Béaté cocoterie, 11% of surveyed households still using unprotected wells because of recurrent water shortages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, 57% of households lacked improved sanitation.
“A proportion of 25% of all households assessed did not have access to clean water and 57% lacked improved sanitation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In total, less than half of all investigated households (43%) had access to improved sanitation.
“In total, less than half of all investigated households (43%) had access to improved sanitation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Lack of access to improved sanitation was significantly associated with living in a household sized greater than 11 people (p = 0.05).
“‘living in a household sized greater than 11 people’ (p = 0.05)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Lack of access to improved sanitation was significantly associated with living in a very low class socio-economic household (p = 0.2).
“Compared with households which had access to improved sanitation those without were significantly associated with ‘living in a very low class socio-economic household’ (p = 0.2)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A total of 166 household head's wives (37%) were not present at home during the survey.
“A total of 166 household head's wives (37%) were not present at home during the survey.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Water used for dishes and laundry was mostly spilled (70%) into the streets in all areas investigated.
“Water used for dishes and laundry was mostly spilled (70%) into the streets in all areas investigated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Lack of access to improved sanitation was significantly associated with practicing Islam (p < 0.01).
“‘practicing islam’ (p < 0.01)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Sikasso and Béaté cocoterie are settlements where households have lower access to clean water compared with those who live in other investigated settlements.
“Sikasso and Béaté cocoterie are settlements where households have lower access to clean water compared with those who live in other investigated settlements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Several sources of clean drinking water were identified (water for resale, tap, hydraulic or hand pump, standpipe).
“Several sources of clean drinking water were identified (i.e. water for resale, tap, hydraulic or hand pump, standpipe).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the multivariate logistic regression model, living in a very low class socio-economic household was associated with lower access to improved sanitation (OR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.77).
“They included ‘living in a very low class socio-economic household’ (OR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.77)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Lack of access to improved sanitation was significantly associated with living in all studied settlements except An 2000 (p < 0.001).
“‘living in all the studied settlements, except An 2000’ (p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
More than one fifth of households in the investigated settlements lack access to clean water.
“The results of the study showed that more than one fifth of households in the investigated settlements lack access to clean water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the investigated settlements, the proportion of the type of water source used varied significantly from one settlement to another (p < 0.001).
“In the investigated settlements, the proportion of the type of water source used, varied significantly from one settlement to another (p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Compared with the settlement An 2000, all other investigated areas were less likely to have access to improved sanitation.
“Compared with the settlement An 2000, all other investigated areas were less likely to have access to improved sanitation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Multivariate analysis showed that household size was not significantly associated with improved water.
“Multivariate analysis showed that household size was not significantly associated with improved water.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Sikasso, there was only one hand pump for the supply of this settlement.
“there was only one hand pump for the supply of this settlement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
20% of households in these neighborhoods rejected the products of the latrines in the environment.
“and 20% rejected the products of the latrines in the environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The remaining households rely on collective sanitation which is organized through private household connections to the city sewer collection network.
“while the remaining households rely on collective sanitation which is organized through private household connections to the city sewer collection network.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
People have to pay to access the hand pump in Sikasso.
“People have to pay to access it”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The settlement was the main factor associated with lower access to improved sanitation.
“The settlement was the main factor associated with lower access to improved sanitation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Wastewater management in the disadvantaged areas of Yopougon is generally inadequate.
“Moreover, wastewater management in the disadvantaged areas of Yopougon is generally inadequate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, particularly in those studied, there are two broad types of sanitation systems.
“In poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon, particularly in those studied, there are two broad types of sanitation systems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
A significant physical effort is involved in operating the hand pump in Sikasso.
“a significant physical effort is involved in operating the pump.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Almost three quarters of all surveyed households reported to discharge their wastewater onto the street (nature and draining channel).
“Almost three quarters of all surveyed households reported to discharge their wastewater onto the street (nature and draining channel).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Almost half of the households investigated reported access to improved sanitation.
“Almost half of the households investigated reported access to improved sanitation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Our multivariable analysis did not identify the level of education as a risk factor for lacking access to drinking water.
“Surprisingly, our multivariable analysis did not identify the level of education as a risk factor for lacking access to drinking water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Approximately 10% of households in these neighborhoods practiced open defecation.
“approximately 10% of households in these neighborhoods practiced open defecation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Living in a low class socio-economic household was associated with lower access to clean water.
“‘Living in a low class socio-economic household’ was also associated with lower access to clean water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The presence of the household head's wife at home (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31) was significantly associated with greater access to clean water.
“The presence of the household head's wife at home (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31) was significantly associated with greater access to clean water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Almost all people surveyed in Sikasso stated to prefer using well water.
“Almost all people surveyed therefore stated to prefer using well water.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
More than half of the population in the poor peri-urban areas studied have a good level of education.
“More than half of the population in the poor peri-urban areas studied have a good level of education.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Living in a very low class socio-economic household was associated with reduced access to improved sanitation (OR = 0.37).
“‘Living in a a very low class socio-economic household, was also associated with reduced access to improved sanitation (OR = 0.37)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
There is a large representation of religious communities in the investigated settlements, particularly Islam and Christianity.
“However, there is a large representation of religious communities in the investigated settlements, particularly Islam and Christianity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Socioeconomic status and settlement characteristics are main indicators of poor access to reliable water and sanitation in peri-urban settlements.
“Socioeconomic status and settlement characteristics appear as the main indicators of poor access to reliable water and sanitation in peri-urban settlements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The presence of the household head's wife at home highlights the important role of women in ensuring access to clean water in these specific environments.
“The presence of the household head’s wife at home was associated with greater access to clean water (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31), thus highlighting the important role of women in ensuring access to clean water in these specific environments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: In poor areas, most of the household head's wives stay at home for household duties, while some have employment and entrust their domestic chores to other people.
- Premisecitation
Unplanned and informal settlements in Abidjan are generally excluded from access to basic urban services including sanitation, water and waste collection.
“These settlements are generally excluded from access to basic urban services including sanitation, water and waste collection [10].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] B Obrist, 2006, Interconnected Slums: Water, Sanitation and Health in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, The European Journal of Development Research source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The urban sanitation master plan of Abidjan has not been updated since it was created in 2000.
“The urban sanitation master plan of Abidjan has not been updated since it was created in 2000 [27].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] M Colcanap, 1982
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The likely reason for An 2000's better access is that it is close to the road compared with the other neighborhoods, making it easier for fecal sludge emptying trucks to come into the area.
“The likely reason is that An 2000 is close to the road compared with the other neighborhoods, making it easier for example the coming of fecal sludge emptying trucks into the area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The settlement effect on sanitation access is due to proximity to road.
- Premisecitation
As in rural areas, access to improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements may be much lower within inhabitants of remote or difficult areas of access compared with those of areas that are easier to reach.
“As in rural areas, access to improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements may be much lower within inhabitants of remote or difficult areas of access compared with those of areas that are easier to reach [11].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Previous studies carried out in 2004 in precarious areas of this municipality revealed that those same practices lead to the emergence of diseases.
“Previous studies carried out in 2004 in precarious areas of this municipality revealed that those same practices lead to the emergence of diseases [13]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Dongo K, Kouamé FK, Koné B, Biém J, Tanner M, Cissé G. Analyse de la situation de l’environnement sanitaire des quartiers défavorisés dans le tissu urbain de Yopougon à Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. VertigO-la revue électronique en Sciences de l'environnement [Internet]. 2008; 8 3. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/6252" xlink:type="simple">http://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/6252</ext-link> source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
This result reinforces the idea of the important role of women in access to improved water, independently of their education level.
“This result reinforces the idea of the important role of women in access to improved water, independently of their education level.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The presence of the wife at home increases access to clean water because women fetch water.
- Premisecitation
In Africa, women and girls spend more time fetching water compared to men and boys.
“In Africa, women and girls spend more time fetching water compared to men and boys.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Malmberg Calvo C. Case Study on the Role of Women in Rural Transport: Access of Women to Domestic Facilities. 1994.
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
An 2000 had access to a minimum of basic infrastructure compared with those living in other poor peri-urban areas.
“That is why they had access to a minimum of basic infrastructure compared with those living in other poor peri-urban areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: In An 2000, most households currently living there were previously re-settled by the government from different shantytowns presenting risks of flood or landslides.
- Interpretationown data
Education level seems not to be an important factor to include for better success in actions for improvements of access to safe water and sanitation.
“Education level therefore seems not to be an important factor to include for better success in actions for improvements of access to safe water and sanitation as highlighted in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Access to improved water and sanitation remains a challenge for poor urban population of Sub-Saharan African cities, particularly those living in poor peri-urban areas.
“Access to improved water and sanitation remains a challenge for poor urban population of Sub-Saharan African cities, particularly those living in poor peri-urban areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The poor peri-urban settlements studied are representative of poor urban populations in Sub-Saharan African cities.
- Interpretationown data
The level of wealth influences access to improved sanitation.
“confirming that the level of wealth influences the access to improved sanitation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
This situation is almost the same at the national level as highlighted by the national institute of statistics (INS).
“This situation is almost the same at the national level as highlighted by the national institute of statistics (INS) [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataMain water sources in the settlements were tap water (57%), water for resale (40%), well water (12%), rainwater (12%), and hand pump (9%).
“The main ones were tap water (57%), water for resale (40%), well water (12%), rainwater (12%) and water obtained by hand pump (9%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataHousehold size, education and religion were not significantly associated with access to clean water and improved sanitation.
“Household size, education and religion were not significantly associated with the two considered outcomes.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“While religion does not appear to play an important role in access to water and sanitation, successful interventions should involve religious communities because of their large representation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn univariate analysis, greater access to clean water was associated with living in Banco (p = 0.15), living in a very low class socio-economic household (P = 0.02), and presence of the household head's wife at home (P < 0.01).
“In contrast, greater access to water was associated with ‘living in Banco’ (p = 0.15), ‘living in a very low class socio-economic household’ (P = 0.02) and the ‘presence of the household head's wife at home’ (P < 0.01).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataEight percent of households had no latrines and practiced open defecation.
“Eight percent of all households assessed did not have any latrines with household members practicing open defecation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn univariate analysis, less access to clean water was associated with living in a household sized 6-10 people (p = 0.07), living in Béaté (p = 0.07), living in Sikasso (p < 0.001), and practicing a religion other than Christianity (p ≤ 0.01).
“According to univariate analysis, households with less access to water were significantly ‘living in a household sized 6–10 people’ (p = 0.07), ‘living in Béaté’ (p = 0.07) or ‘are living in Sikasso’ (p < 0.001) and ‘are practicing a religion other than christianism’ (p ≤ 0.01).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingnone givenThe more popular on-site sanitation includes septic tanks and cesspools and is used by nine out of ten households.
“The more popular on-site sanitation includes septic tanks and cesspools is used by nine out of ten households”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenIn the study area, 60% of the wives who stayed at home had received no formal education.
“In the study area, 60% of the wives who stayed at home had received no formal education.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSample size was calculated using the WHO equation with an assumed prevalence of 50%, precision of 5%, and 95% confidence, yielding a minimum of 384 households; the planned 600 was reduced to 556 due to non-responses.
“The sample size was calculated according to equation 1 defined by the World Health Organisation [15]: (1) N, minimum sample size; P, estimate of the expected proportion (prevalence); Q, the value of (1-P); E, margin of error tolerated (statistical risk in %); L, critical value (1.96 for the risk 5%).”
- Also stated in: § Data collection · plain
“The application of equation 1 with a precision of 5% and a 95% confidence level resulted in a minimum sample size of 384 households.”
- Also stated in: § Data collection · plain
“To enhance the representativeness of the sample, it was planned to enhance the sample size to 600 households (with 100 households per settlement); however, finally this numbers was reduced to 556 households surveyed due to some non-responses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Vaughan JP, Morrow RH, Organization WH. Manuel d'épidémiologie pour la gestion de la santé au niveau du district1991, <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41554:186" xlink:type="simple">http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41554:186</ext-link> p.
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Data collection · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenA pilot survey was conducted to test the validity and applicability of the questionnaire.
“A pilot survey was conducted to test the validity and applicability of the questionnaire and to help refining the questionnaire.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe questionnaire was administered by six previously trained interviewers.
“The questionnaire was administered by six previously trained interviewers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationOutcomes (access to clean water and improved sanitation) were defined based on WHO and UNICEF definitions.
“These outcomes were defined based on information on improved water and improved sanitation provided by WHO and United Nations Children’s Fund [20] (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] 2015
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataSix potential confounding factors were identified and included in the logistic regression models.
“To build the two logistic regression models, six potential confounding factors collected in the cross-sectional survey and describing the socio-economic characteristics of the study population were identified.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe technology and accessibility of the sources for improved drinking water are often inadequate, resulting in pressure drops and untimely water shortages, hence people tend to use unimproved water sources including unprotected wells.
“However, the technology and accessibility of the sources for improved drinking water are often inadequate, resulting in pressure drops and untimely water shortages, hence people tend to use unimproved water sources including unprotected wells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe model was not reduced because the number of parameters does not clearly exceed 10% of cases or non-cases.
“The model was not reduced as the number of model parameters does not clearly exceed 10% of the number of cases or non-cases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataMulticollinearity was assessed by VIF and no variable had VIF greater than 4.
“Multicollinearity was assessed by checking variance inflation factors (VIF). A value of 4 has been considered as a maximum level of VIF [19] and no variable with VIF greater than 4 was found.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Y Pan, 2007, Ethnic difference in the relationship between acute inflammation and serum ferritin in US adult males, Epidemiology and Infection source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataData were double-entered by two operators and inconsistencies corrected.
“The data collected were recorded in EpiData version 3.1 and double-entered by two operators into two different databases. The information was subsequently compared and inconsistencies corrected based on the corresponding questionnaire sheet.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Côte d'Ivoire, an estimated 91.5% of the urban population can access improved drinking water, while improved sanitation facilities are only available to 31.7%.
“In Côte d’Ivoire, an estimated 91.5% of the urban population can access improved drinking water, while improved sanitation facilities are only available to 31.7% [9].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] CEA, UA, BAD, PNUD. Rapport OMD 2014: Évaluation des progrès accomplis en Afrique dans la réalisation des objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement, Analyse de la Position commune africaine sur le programme de développement pour l’après-2015. Addis-Abeba, Éthiopie: Commission économique pour l’Afrique, Union africaine, Groupe de la Banque africaine de développement et Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, 2014.
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataA cross-sectional survey was conducted in June 2015 in 556 randomly selected households in six poor peri-urban settlements of Yopougon.
“A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June 2015 in 556 households that were randomly selected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningLimited access to water and sanitation will exacerbate women's and girls' time and labor burden and affect their livelihoods.
“Therefore, in this condition, the limited access to water and sanitation, will not only exacerbate women’s and girls’ time and labor burden, it will also affect their livelihoods [22] [25].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Malmberg Calvo C. Case Study on the Role of Women in Rural Transport: Access of Women to Domestic Facilities. 1994.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [25] JP Graham, 2016, An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries, PLOS ONE source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPrevious studies showed that in precarious settlements the majority of households used water reselling more expensive than domestic tap water.
“Previous studies showed that in precarious settlements the majority of households used water reselling more expensive than domestic tap water [10].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] B Obrist, 2006, Interconnected Slums: Water, Sanitation and Health in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, The European Journal of Development Research source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigher socio-economic classes are more likely to access improved water because they have the ability to purchase private alternative sources during shortages.
“Higher socio-economic classes are more likely to access improved water because they have the ability to purchase private alternative sources during shortages [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] AM Mahama, 2014, Factors influencing householders' access to improved water in low-income urban areas of Accra, Ghana, Journal of Water and Health source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA previous study conducted in 1994 in SSA reported that women spent more than 200 to 700 hours a day fetching water.
“This previous study reported that women spent more than 200 to 700 hours a day fetching water.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Malmberg Calvo C. Case Study on the Role of Women in Rural Transport: Access of Women to Domestic Facilities. 1994.
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe urban sanitation master plan of Abidjan does not cover the underprivileged areas, leaving them without adequate sanitation system.
“In addition, this plan does not cover the underprivileged areas, leaving them without adequate sanitation system [28].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Dongo K. Analyse des déficiences dans la gestion du drainage urbain et des déchets solides liquides dans les quartiers précaires de Yopougon (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire): approche cartographique-SIG, modélisation et socio anthropologie [Thèse Unique de Doctorat]: Université, Cocody Abidjan; 2006. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nccr-north-south.ch/Upload/Dongo-these2006%281%29.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://www.nccr-north-south.ch/Upload/Dongo-these2006%281%29.pdf</ext-link>.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn the African context, most of women's tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing rely considerably on water and sanitation services.
“In the African context, most of women’s tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing, rely considerably on water and sanitation services [23] [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [23] Davis J, Crow B, Miles J, editors. Measuring water collection times in Kenyan informal settlements. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development; 2012: ACM. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [24] SB Sorenson, 2011, Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times, Social Science & Medicine source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA recent study reported a significant association between access to improved water sources for domestic uses and the level of education in low-income urban areas of Accra.
“This differs from a recent study that reported a significant association between access to improved water sources for domestic uses and the level of education in low-income urban areas of Accra [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] AM Mahama, 2014, Factors influencing householders' access to improved water in low-income urban areas of Accra, Ghana, Journal of Water and Health source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe urban sanitation master plan of Abidjan has consistently failed to improve sanitation in Abidjan because of the accelerated population growth and the rapid urbanization rate.
“It has consistently failed to improve sanitation in Abidjan because of the accelerated population growth and the rapid urbanization rate [13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Dongo K, Kouamé FK, Koné B, Biém J, Tanner M, Cissé G. Analyse de la situation de l’environnement sanitaire des quartiers défavorisés dans le tissu urbain de Yopougon à Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. VertigO-la revue électronique en Sciences de l'environnement [Internet]. 2008; 8 3. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/6252" xlink:type="simple">http://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/6252</ext-link> source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn general, in the planning of African cities, the need for water and sanitation in poor communities is not adequately taken into account.
“However, in general, in the planning of African cities, the need for water and sanitation in poor communities is not adequately taken into account [21, 29].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] AM Mahama, 2014, Factors influencing householders' access to improved water in low-income urban areas of Accra, Ghana, Journal of Water and Health source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [29] C Bosch, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe study used the type of housing as a socio-economic status based on the literature.
“however, we used the type of housing as a socio-economic status based on the literature [31].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] E Arias, 1996, Using housing items to indicate socioeconomic status: Latin America, Social Indicators Research source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA recent study showed the important role of religious communities for protecting the environment.
“Recent study showed the important role of religious communities for protecting the environment [30], supporting this conclusion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] ZF Mohamad, 2012, The role of religious community in recycling: Empirical insights from Malaysia, Resources, Conservation and Recycling source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA previous study has stated a strong link between household wealth and access to improved sanitation.
“Previous study has stated on this situation making an evidence of a strong link between household wealth and access to improved sanitation [11].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn the present study, it was not possible to directly explore associations between income and access to clean water or improved sanitation due to the absence of the variables of the household income.
“In the present study, it was not possible to directly explore associations between income and access to clean water or improved sanitation due to the absence of the variables of the household income”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
In poor areas, most of the household head's wives stay at home for household duties, while some have employment and entrust their domestic chores to other people.
“In poor areas, most of the household head’s wives stay at home for household duties, some of them, however, have an employment and entrust their domestic chores to other people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women are most knowledgeable about and most affected by water and sanitation services.
“since they are most knowledgeable and most affected by these services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The poor peri-urban settlements studied are representative of poor urban populations in Sub-Saharan African cities.
“Access to improved water and sanitation remains a challenge for poor urban population of Sub-Saharan African cities, particularly those living in poor peri-urban areas.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2004 study's findings on wastewater practices and disease emergence still apply more than 10 years later.
“suggesting that more than 10 years later, there is still much to be done for a better wastewater management.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The presence of the wife at home increases access to clean water because women fetch water.
“The presence of the household head's wife at home (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.74, 7.31) was significantly associated with greater access to clean water. In Africa, women and girls spend more time fetching water compared to men and boys.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The settlement effect on sanitation access is due to proximity to road.
“The likely reason is that An 2000 is close to the road compared with the other neighborhoods, making it easier for example the coming of fecal sludge emptying trucks into the area.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Religious communities can be effectively integrated into WASH communication.
“Those approaches should involve not only local actors and administrative authorities but also religious communities e.g. for WASH communication because of their large representation”
The paper relies on this without support.
In An 2000, most households currently living there were previously re-settled by the government from different shantytowns presenting risks of flood or landslides.
“In addition, in this settlement most of households that are currently living there were previously re-settled by the government from different shantytowns presenting risks of flood or landslides.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The presence of a wife in the household significantly increased the likelihood of having access to clear water.
“Indeed, the presence of a wife in the household significantly increased the likelihood of having access to clear water (Angoua et al., 2018).”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Angoua et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract overstates the share lacking clean water
MinorIf 424 of 554 respondents had access, 130 of 554, or about 23.5%, lacked access-not 25%.
“A proportion of 25% of all households assessed did not have access to clean water”
“The results revealed that 424 of the 554 respondents (76%) had access to clean water.”
Secondary or high school education is incorrectly described as the majority category
MinorThe text calls the 30.8% with secondary or high school education a majority, but the table reports a larger group-47%-with no education.
“Secondary and high school were the highest level achieved by the majority of the respondents (30.8%) and 47% had no formal education.”
“| Education level | No education | 36.6 | 44.9 | 41.8 | 41.8 | 53.5 | 44.4 | 72.2 | 47 |”
Cites
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Safe access to safe water in low income countries: water fetching in current times
Sorenson, S. B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.010 · Cited by 370 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the African context, most of women’s tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing, rely considerably on water and sanitation services [23] [24].”
BackgroundAn Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries
Graham, J. P., Hirai, M., & Kim, S.-S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155981 · Cited by 300 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, in this condition, the limited access to water and sanitation, will not only exacerbate women’s and girls’ time and labor burden, it will also affect their livelihoods [22] [25].”
BackgroundPAN, Y., & JACKSON, R. T. (2008) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026880700831x · Cited by 294 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Multicollinearity was assessed by checking variance inflation factors (VIF).”
BackgroundEnvironmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters: A Practical Guide
Wisner, B., & Adams, J. (2003) · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Comprendre la régression logistique
Sanharawi, M. E., & Naudet, F. (2013) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2013.05.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Factors influencing householders' access to improved water in low-income urban areas of Accra, Ghana
Mahama, A. M., Anaman, K. A., & Osei-Akoto, I. (2014) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2014.149 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Introduction: gender and water, sanitation and hygiene
Sweetman, C., & Medland, L. (2017) · Gender & Development · doi:10.1080/13552074.2017.1349867 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Using housing items to indicate socioeconomic status: Latin America
Arias, E., & De Vos, S. (1996) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00293786 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the present study, it was not possible to directly explore associations between income and access to clean water or improved sanitation due to the absence of the variables of the household income; however, we used the type of housing as a socio-economic status based on the literature [31].”
MethodCase Study on the Role of Women in Rural Transport: Access of Women to Domestic Facilities
Calvo, C. M. (1994) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Interconnected Slums: Water, Sanitation and Health in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Obrist, B., Cisse, G., Koné, B., Dongo, K., Granado, S., & Tanner, M. (2006) · The European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1080/09578810600708387 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of religious community in recycling: Empirical insights from Malaysia
Mohamad, Z. F., Idris, N., Baharuddin, A., Muhammad, A., & Nik Sulaiman, N. M. (2012) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dongo, K., Kouamé, F. K., Koné, B., Biém, J., Tanner, M., & Cissé, G. (2009) · VertigO · doi:10.4000/vertigo.6252 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring water collection times in Kenyan informal settlements
Davis, J., Crow, B., & Miles, J. (2012) · Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development · doi:10.1145/2160673.2160689 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the African context, most of women’s tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing, rely considerably on water and sanitation services [23] [24].”
BackgroundBrama, K., Cissé, G., Valentin, H. P., et al. (2006) · VertigO · doi:10.4000/vertigo.1828 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 17 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hawkins P, Blackett I, Heymans C. Poor-inclusive urban sanitation: An overview2013, <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17385" xlink:type="simple">http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17385</ext-link>.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health
Pouramin, P., Nagabhatla, N., & Miletto, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2020.00006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Sanitation facilities were commonly cited to not be safe, clean, and accessible (Kwiringira et al., 2014; Sato et al., 2016; Khan et al., 2017; Aluko et al., 2018; Angoua et al., 2018; Dendup et al., 2018; Desalegn et al., 2018; Njuguna, 2019; Winter et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialTseole, N. P., Mindu, T., Kalinda, C., & Chimbari, M. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271726 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Grasham, C. F., Korzenevica, M., & Charles, K. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water · doi:10.1002/wat2.1344 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review
Abebe, T. A., & Tucho, G. T. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01511-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Simelane, M. S., Shongwe, M. C., Vermaak, K., & Zwane, E. N. (2020) · Advances in Public Health · doi:10.1155/2020/6758513 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia
Kong, Y., Anis-Syakira, J., Fun, W. H., Balqis-Ali, N. Z., Shakirah, M. S., & Sararaks, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217933 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Murei, A., Mogane, B., Mothiba, D. P., et al. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14081244 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Our findings are in line with those reported by Angoua and colleagues, as they did not identify the level of education as a risk factor for lacking access to drinking water [33].”
ResultTerefe, B., Jembere, M. M., & Assimamaw, N. T. (2024) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-024-00562-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This study underlined the importance of women in guaranteeing the family’s access to improved water sources, and as a result, they should be involved in enhanced water promotion programs at all levels and regions, as indicated in Côte d’Ivoire [42].”
BackgroundSpatial heterogeneity in drinking water sources in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana
Tetteh, J. D., Templeton, M. R., Cavanaugh, A., Bixby, H., Owusu, G., Yidana, S. M., Moulds, S., Robinson, B. E., Baumgartner, J., Annim, S. K., et al. (2022) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-022-00407-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Many of the worst affected areas are slums and informal settlements and areas of intensified growth (Adams, 2018; Angoua et al., 2018; Dos Santos et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGurung, R., Tirkey, C., Takri, K. K., Diyali, N., Choubey, M., & Rai, R. (2023) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2023.083 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nasim, N., El‐Zein, A., & Thomas, J. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113992 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Akoteyon, I. S. (2019) · Bulletin of Geography Socio-economic series · doi:10.2478/bog-2019-0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Angoua et al. (2018) investigated barriers to accessing improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan and noted that socio-economic status and settlement characteristics are the main indicators of poor access to reliable water and sanitation in peri-urban settlements.”
BackgroundIddi, S., Akeyo, D., Bagayoko, M., Kiwuwa-Muyingo, S., Chikozho, C., & Kadengye, D. T. (2021) · Global Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100050 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Children in resource-poor areas under five years of age contribute the most towards these numbers [1,10].”
BackgroundChanging Hydrosocial Cycles in Periurban India
Butsch, C., Chakraborty, S., Gomes, S. L., et al. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land10030263 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Access to basic drinking water and sanitation in Africa: Does financial inclusion matter?
Immurana, M., Iddrisu, A., Mohammed, Z., & Kizhakkekara, T. J. M. (2022) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2022.2057057 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…water and sanitation facilities in Africa did not examine the role of financial inclusion (see for example, Mulenga et al., 2017; Armah et al., 2018; Akpakli et al., 2018; Angoua et al., 2018; Nyanza et al., 2018; Akoteyon, 2019; Azage et al., 2020; Marks et al., 2020; Simelane et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLivelihood vulnerability increases human–wildlife interactions
Pereira, J., Rosalino, L. M., Mucova, S. A. R., et al. (2021) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s037689292100028x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Our modelling results have revealed that the relationship between water scarcity and HWIs is stronger for larger households, most likely because such households need more water (Angoua et al. 2018).”
ResultVictor, C. P., Ocasio, D. V., Adriano, Z., Garn, J. V., Hubbard, S., Mangamela, M., McGunegill, S., Nalá, R., Snyder, J. S., Lévy, K., et al. (2022) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Inequities in access to improved water system are closely linked to poverty, and continuing water insecurity further exacerbates already rising inequalities, resulting in prolonged public health concerns such as the spread of infectious diseases, malnutrition, limited economic development, and women and girls’ labor i…”
BackgroundIsmail, H. M., Muse, A. H., Hassan, M. A., Muse, Y. H., & Nadarajah, S. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16202986 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ogunbode, T. O., Esan, V. I., Oyebamiji, V. O., & Akande, J. A. (2024) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00239-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tiyasha, T., Bhagat, S. K., Fituma, F., Tung, T. M., Shahid, S., & Yaseen, Z. M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124817 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“indicator of water sources utilization [26], [27].”
Prevalence and risk factors of diarrheal diseases in Sierra Leone, 2019: a cross-sectional study
Bah, D., Gebru, G. N., Hakizimana, J. L., Ogbonna, U., Sesay, B. P., Bah, B., Mansaray, P. S., Charles, J., Jimmy, A., Amara, L., et al. (2022) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2022.41.3.32403 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“7 shown by other studies that households with a low socio-economic class were more likely to use unimproved sanitation, which means that the level of wealth can influence access to improved sanitation [21].”
BackgroundWater resources endowment and the challenge of underutilization in a tropical community in Nigeria
Ogunbode, T. O., Esan, V. I., & Akande, J. A. (2024) · Sustainable Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s40899-024-01061-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The water access situation in many developing countries is intertwined with broader issues of poverty and inequality (Graham et al. 2016; Angoua et al. 2018; Valero et al. 2023).”
Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation in Rural Settlements in Parts of Southwest Nigeria
Akoteyon, I. S. (2019) · Ghana Journal of Geography · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hương, L. T., Hanh, T. T. T., Minh, H. V., et al. (2020) · Environmental Health Insights · doi:10.1177/1178630220946342 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ali, J., & Khan, W. A. (2023) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-02927-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In addition, previous researches also showed that educated people have significantly more access to sanitation facilities (Armah et al., 2018; Angoua et al., 2018 and Collignon et al., 2018).”
Decomposing gender inequalities in self-assessed health status in Liberia
Murendo, C., & Murenje, G. (2018) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2019.1603515 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The source of drinking water is important because waterborne diseases, including diarrhoea, typhoid and cholera, are prevalent in developing countries including Liberia [32].”
BackgroundMethodMeeuwisse, S., Elliott, S. J., Bennett, A., & Kapoor, V. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003630 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mgwele, A., Bhanye, J. I., & Mocwagae, K. (2024) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68734-1_4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Immurana, M., Kisseih, K. G., Yusif, H. M., & Yakubu, M. Z. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264187 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Assessing the Preparedness of Healthcare Facilities for Disasters and Emergencies in Damghan, Iran
Pourmohammadi, B., Heydari, A., Fatemi, F., et al. (2021) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2021.104 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Classification of WatSan Technologies Using Machine Learning Techniques
Nuaimi, H. A., Abdelmagid, M., Bouabid, A., et al. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15152829 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kabote, S. J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28194 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dhital, S. R., Chojenta, C., & Loxton, D. J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283379 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ahmed, H. A., & Ali, D. A. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25247-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The enabling environment for citywide water service provision: Insights from six successful cities
Trimmer, J. T., Qureshi, H., Otoo, M., et al. (2023) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000071 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gayawan, E., Aladeniyi, O. B., Oladuti, O. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.2991/jegh.k.191030.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…Coast, although 91.5% of the urban population can access improved drinking water, improved sanitation is only available to 31.7% of the people and the country faced an increase in urbanization leading to informal and sprawling settlements, which further confound the sanitation conditions [25].”
InfluentialGayawan, E., Somo‐Aina, O., & Awe, O. O. (2021) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-021-09393-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Les déterminants d'accès à l'eau potable au Cameroun*
ETIA, F. C. D., Mvogo, G. P., & Bidiasse, H. (2022) · African Development Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12624 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oluwasanya, G., Omoniyi, A., Perera, D., Layi-Adigun, B. O., Thuy, L., & Qadir, M. (2023) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11833-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ogunbode, T. O., Nejo, Y. T., & Kehinde, O. J. (2021) · European Journal of Basic Medical Sciences · doi:10.21601/ejbms/9661 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Though, a measure of progress in water access was attained in Nigeria in 2015, clinching to about 69%, the country still lag behind other countries in sub-Saharan region [6-8].”
BackgroundFinancial inclusion and improved water usage among households in Ghana
Immurana, M., Kisseih, K. G., Yakubu, M. Z., Kizhakkekara, T. J. M., Boachie, M. K., Halidu, O. B., Mohammed, J., Kaleem, I., Mohammed, A., & Doegah, P. T. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18715-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“For instance, the impact of WASH access for individuals may differ based on factors such as socioeconomic status, gender, and geographical location (Angoua et al., 2018; Kayser et al., 2019).”
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“It is also the largest urbanization city in the country, and it is considered the economic capital of the country (Angoua et al., 2018).”
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“Such implies that women and girls, traditionally in charge of water-fetching activities, need to walk distances of many kilometers to reach water sources (Angoua et al., 2018), being thus at higher risk of encounter wildlife.”
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- Authors
- Angoua, E. L. E., Dongo, K., Templeton, M. R., Zinsstag, J., & Bonfoh, B.
- Affiliations
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- Swiss Centre for Scientific Research (CI)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Angoua, Eliachie Larissa Eméline
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-08-28
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0202928
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6112649
- OpenAlex
- W2889058190
- Semantic Scholar
- 834c00df9d7cf0cff87441888f184f6327c9101a
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- Programme d'Appui Stratégique à la Recherche Scientifique (PASRES) (PASRES/488-14/SY /TK)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Keywords
- access to clean water, improved sanitation, peri-urban settlements, urban poverty, socioeconomic status, household characteristics, Yopougon, Abidjan
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Environment, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Cote d'Ivoire, Male, Middle Aged, Sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Water Supply, Waste Management, Young Adult
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