Safe access to safe water in low income countries: water fetching in current times
Open accessAbstract
A substantial portion of the world's population does not have ready access to safe water. Moreover, obtaining water may involve great expense of time and energy for those who have no water sources in or near home. From an historical perspective, with the invention of piped water, fetching water has only recently become largely irrelevant in many locales. In addition, in most instances, wells and clean surface water were so close by that fetching was not considered a problem. However, population growth, weather fluctuations and social upheavals have made the daily chore of carrying water highly problematic and a public health problem of great magnitude for many, especially women, in the poor regions and classes of the world. In this paper, we consider gender differences in water carrying and summarize data about water access and carrying from 44 countries that participated in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) program. Women and children are the most common water carriers, and they spend considerable time (many trips take more than an hour) supplying water to their households. Time is but one measure of the cost of fetching water; caloric expenditures, particularly during droughts, and other measures that affect health and quality of life must be considered. The full costs of fetching water must be considered when measuring progress toward two Millennium Development Goals--increasing access to safe drinking water and seeking an end to poverty.
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Women and girls might have increased exposures based on gendered expectations that they collect and treat water, manage dependents' faeces, and care for ill children.
“Women and girls might have increased exposures based on gendered expectations that they collect and treat water, manage dependents’ faeces, and care for ill children.65, 66, 67”
From Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in domestic settings: a global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes (2023) · cites this paper as [66]
The Background section says women bear primary responsibility for fetching water, and Implications for research says gender roles assign women sanitation activities and care of children. The paper does not specifically say they treat water, manage dependents’ faeces, or care for ill children, nor does it link those particular tasks to increased exposure. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWomen and children are generally responsible for water collection in many sub-Saharan African countries.
“First, women and children are generally responsible for water collection in many SSA countries.”
From An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub-Saharan African Countries (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, where queues were shorter or they had priority access, or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist.
“Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, [20] where queues were shorter [153, 261] or they had priority access, [61] or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist [98,123,153,258].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Women are the primary water-collectors globally, devoting considerably more time to water-related tasks than men.
“Women are the primary water-collectors globally, [18,20] devoting considerably more time to water-related tasks than men.”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Women and girls are largely responsible for household water collection.
“Women and girls are largely responsible for household water collection (_((((xxx))))_) [18,20,26,62,76,88,89,102,103,110,111,123,131,153,165,179,187,193,198,201,209,229,245,261,273,282,296,301,302,304,305].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In the African context, most of women's tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing rely considerably on water and sanitation services.
“In the African context, most of women’s tasks in the household such as cooking, washing, drinking and child-rearing, rely considerably on water and sanitation services [23] [24].”
From Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Sorenson, S. B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Public/Private Ventures (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sorenson, Susan B.
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1522-1526
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161800506
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.upenn.edu
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UNICEF
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Keywords
- water fetching, safe drinking water access, women's burden, time use, energy expenditure, drought, poverty, Millennium Development Goals, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, low-income countries, domestic water supply
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Male, Safety, Sex Factors, United States, Water Supply, Women's Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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