Posttraumatic stress in emergency settings outside North America and Europe: a review of the emic literature.

Rasmussen, Andrew; Keatley, Eva; Joscelyne, Amy

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.015

Cited by 87Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaCultural, Psychoanalytic, and Sociopolitical Reflections

Posttraumatic stress in emergency settings outside North America and Europe: a review of the emic literature.

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Rasmussen, Andrew, Keatley, Eva, Joscelyne, Amy·2014·Social Science & Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.015PMC PMC4070307

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Abstract

Mental health professionals from North America and Europe have become common participants in postconflict and disaster relief efforts outside of North America and Europe. Consistent with their training, these practitioners focus primarily on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as their primary diagnostic concern. Most research that has accompanied humanitarian aid efforts has likewise originated in North America and Europe, has focused on PTSD, and in turn has reinforced practitioners' assumptions about the universality of the diagnosis. In contrast, studies that have attempted to identify how local populations conceptualize posttrauma reactions portray a wide range of psychological states. We review this emic literature in order to examine differences and commonalities across local posttraumatic cultural concepts of distress (CCDs). We focus on symptoms to describe these constructs - i.e., using the dominant neo-Kraepelinian approach used in North American and European psychiatry - as opposed to focusing on explanatory models in order to examine whether positive comparisons of PTSD to CCDs meet criteria for face validity. Hierarchical clustering (Ward's method) of symptoms within CCDs provides a portrait of the emic literature characterized by traumatic multifinality with several common themes. Global variety within the literature suggests that few disaster-affected populations have mental health nosologies that include PTSD-like syndromes. One reason for this seems to be the almost complete absence of avoidance as pathology. Many nosologies contain depression-like disorders. Relief efforts would benefit from mental health practitioners getting specific training in culture-bound posttrauma constructs when entering settings beyond the boundaries of the culture of their training and practice.

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Rasmussen et al. (2014) reviewed 55 studies with data from 32 non-European countries to investigate PTSD in emergency settings outside North America and Europe.
“Rasmussen et al. (2014) reviewed 55 studies with data of 32 Non-European countries to investigate PTSD in emergency settings outside North America and Europe.”
From The assessment of grief in refugees and post-conflict survivors: a narrative review of etic and emic research (2018) · cites this paper as Rasmussen et al., 2014
Contrary to previous assumptions that PTSD symptoms are universal, there is substantial cross-cultural variation in posttraumatic symptom presentations.
“Contrary to previous assumptions that PTSD symptoms are universal, this review emphasizes the fact that there is substantial cross-cultural variation of posttraumatic symptom presentations”
From The assessment of grief in refugees and post-conflict survivors: a narrative review of etic and emic research (2018) · cites this paper as Rasmussen et al., 2014
There is increasing recognition of the importance of including cultural concepts of distress or idioms of distress within the format of North American and European mental health assessments.
“There is increasing recognition for the importance of including cultural concepts of distress or idioms of distress within the format of North American and European mental health assessments (Rasmussen et al., 2014).”
From The assessment of grief in refugees and post-conflict survivors: a narrative review of etic and emic research (2018) · cites this paper as Rasmussen et al., 2014

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Post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Authors: Rasmussen, A., Keatley, E., & Joscelyne, A.
Affiliations: Fordham University (US)
University of Windsor (CA)
Bellevue Hospital Center (US)
Corresponding author: Rasmussen, Andrew
ORCID: Rasmussen, Andrew
Keatley, Eva
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-05
Volume: 109
Pages: 44-54
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.015
PMC: PMC4070307
OpenAlex: W2014632637
Cited by: 87
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 0.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NIH/NICHD) (K23HD059075)
Foundation for Child Development
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural, Psychoanalytic, and Sociopolitical Reflections
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, emic perspective, disaster relief, humanitarian aid, cross-cultural psychiatry, face validity, avoidance symptoms, culture-bound syndromes
MeSH terms: Africa, Altruism, Americas, Asia, Culture, Emergency Services, Psychiatric, Humans, Middle East, Relief Work, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Posttraumatic stress in emergency settings outside North America and Europe: a review of the emic literature.

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