The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 90 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review
Open accessAbstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic is straining healthcare systems in the US and globally, which has wide-reaching implications for health. Women experience unique health risks and outcomes influenced by their gender, and this narrative review aims to outline how these differences are exacerbated in the Covid-19 pandemic. Observations It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2. This review analyzed the health, economic, and social systems that result in gender-based differences in the areas healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics. We assess data from previous disease outbreaks coupled with literature from the Covid-19 pandemic to examine the impact of gender on women’s SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease risks and overall health status during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusions Gender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts to foster equity in health, social, and economic systems during and in the aftermath of Covid-19 may mitigate the inequitable risks posed by pandemics and other times of healthcare stress.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
65 Not checked yet · 25 Own interpretation · 6 Own method
In the paper
“Outside of the current pandemic, the US's poor obstetric and neonatal healthcare indicators are largely driven by worse rates of maternal morbidity and mortality within Black and Native populations (Petersen et al., 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Beyond the paid workforce, 65% of informal family caregivers in the US are women (Feinberg et al., 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feinberg et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Women are concentrated in roles requiring the most close, prolonged contact with patients (Fig. 1) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes likely negatively impact maternal and neonatal outcomes (Elmir et al., 2010; Goodman et al., 2004).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This study found no difference in death among pregnant and non-pregnant women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial reports indicate that women are at decreased risk of severe disease and death with SARS-CoV-2 infection than men (Purdie et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020).”
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
“It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Purdie et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Richardson et al., 2020 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
In the paper
“Women compose the majority of the healthcare workforce; 76% of US healthcare workers are women (Fig. 1 ) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic is already exacerbating women's caregiver responsibilities with schools and childcare centers preventatively closed nationwide in the US (Graves, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graves, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pandemics limit access to the healthcare system, notably to preventative and reproductive healthcare.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, Black and Latinx, low-income, and immigrant women are all at greatest risk of being uninsured (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2016) and subsequently being unable to access healthcare should they become sick from their caregiving roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites KFF, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reported medical vulnerability among pregnant people are likely due in part to physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and increased exposure risk due to clinical settings and procedures.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“A survey of US women indicates that since the inception of shelter-in-place restrictions in early 2020, women have experienced shifts in family planning preferences (i.e., wanting to delay or avoid pregnancy during the Covid-19 pandemic) (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stricter adherence to social distancing guidelines and avoidance of risky behaviors may be protective for SARS-CoV-2-related disease and death for women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fig. 2 shows the results of a KFF survey from March 2020 in which women in the US expressed significantly more concern than men about risks of Covid-19 exposure, lost income, and overwhelming treatment costs (Frederiksen et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frederiksen et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fig. 2 shows the results of a KFF survey from March 2020 in which women in the US expressed significantly more concern than men about risks of Covid-19 exposure, lost income, and overwhelming treatment costs (Frederiksen et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frederiksen et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the majority of states impose upper gestational age limits on abortion procedures, delays will cause many women to “time-out,” resulting in forced childbearing.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study of US individuals’ stress and coping during the Covid-19 pandemic showed similar results, with women experiencing more stress-inducing events and reporting more severe stress than men (Park et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Park et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Out of the over 2400 research studies studying SARS-CoV-2 registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of July 2020, only 54 trials specify the inclusion of pregnant people (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ClinicalTrials.gov, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies demonstrated that outbreak-specific stressors resulted in poorer mental health outcomes for all groups, with increased rates of sleep disturbance, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety in the short and long term (Mak et al., 2009; Tucci et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2009; Vetter et al., 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One-third of women experiencing IPV reported difficulty accessing resources after these incidents due to the pandemic in a May 2020 survey (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the Covid-19 pandemic, the high proportion of female healthcare workers makes these women at occupational risk of poor mental health outcomes.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women disproportionately shoulder factors (e.g., social isolation, caregiving roles, resource insecurity) demonstrated in past pandemics to increase the risk of mental health disorders.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During the Covid-19 pandemic, resources for survivors are under increased strain due to the higher incidence of IPV (North, 2020; Townsend, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites North, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Townsend, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because women cannot access previously cultivated supportive relationships during Covid-19 due to social distancing, they may feel the effects of isolation more acutely.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trend toward excluding women is likely to continue with trials for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and treatment.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if pregnant people are unduly excluded from these studies, this population may experience a similar lag in receiving vaccination or treatment during this pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other surveys conducted in the US show that a higher proportion of women than men self-report adherence to public health measures including avoiding social gatherings and travel, engaging in frequent hand hygiene, and stockpiling of food and medications (Frederiksen et al., 2020; Park et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frederiksen et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Park et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study of the Hubei Province in China showed that women endorsed significantly more post-traumatic stress symptoms than men in the aftermath of the Covid-19 outbreak (Liu et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fig. 2 shows the results of a KFF survey from March 2020 in which women in the US expressed significantly more concern than men about risks of Covid-19 exposure, lost income, and overwhelming treatment costs (Frederiksen et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frederiksen et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The unique experience of stress that women encounter at baseline contributes to a higher prevalence of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD (Afifi, 2007).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, this pandemic has incited a rapid economic downturn, severely affecting industries with high proportions of female employees (i.e., hospitality, travel, food service, education) (Alon et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Alon et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the 2003 SARS outbreak, female healthcare workers were at higher risk of psychiatric morbidity (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.07–2.33) (Chong et al., 2004) than their male counterparts due to their caregiving role (Chong et al., 2004; Tam et al., 2004).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study of US individuals’ stress and coping during the Covid-19 pandemic showed similar results, with women experiencing more stress-inducing events and reporting more severe stress than men (Park et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Park et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At baseline, pregnant and lactating people are systematically excluded from most drug and vaccine trials, given the risks of teratogenicity (Shields and Lyerly, 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shields and Lyerly, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“More women also reported poor mental health than men (Fig. 2) (Frederiksen et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frederiksen et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Due to these circumstances, it is estimated that 15 million additional instances of GBV will occur globally every 3 months while shelter-in-place restrictions are in place (United Nations Population Fund, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites United Nations Population Fund, 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Limited access to healthcare resources during the Covid-19 pandemic affects non-white, immigrant, and low-income women in particular, who are less likely to have adequate health insurance and financial resources (Alon et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Alon et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The disparate impacts of stressors among genders during the Covid-19 pandemic are already being seen.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High risk pregnancy (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06–2.19), abuse history (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.24–2.75), and pandemic-related stress surrounding birth preparedness (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.35–2.26) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.28–1.88), were predictive of higher levels of anxiety (Preis et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preis et al., 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic amplifies existing gender health disparities in the US, and its impacts are felt acutely among women most vulnerable to poverty, housing insecurity, IPV, incarceration, racism, and other sources of inequity.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these outbreaks affected women in the US, most of the literature is written from a global perspective, which reduces its generalizability to a US context.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic amplifies existing gender health disparities in the US, and its impacts are felt acutely among women most vulnerable to poverty, housing insecurity, IPV, incarceration, racism, and other sources of inequity.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High risk pregnancy (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06–2.19), abuse history (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.24–2.75), and pandemic-related stress surrounding birth preparedness (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.35–2.26) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.28–1.88), were predictive of higher levels of anxiety (Preis et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preis et al., 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A survey of pregnant women in May 2020 showed that the prevalence of anxiety was 78.9%, with 21.7% of those surveyed experiencing severe anxiety (Preis et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preis et al., 2020 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among pregnant women, anxiety related to Covid-19 is widespread.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although actions by government and health organizations toward preparedness planning and relief are ongoing, these efforts exclude investigating and mitigating the unique effects that pandemics impose on women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains to be seen whether long-term mental health effects will persist after the Covid-19 pandemic, but these too will likely be influenced by gender.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Notably, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act has no provisions accounting for the differing effects of Covid-19 on various genders (CARES Act, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CARES Act, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High risk pregnancy (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06–2.19), abuse history (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.24–2.75), and pandemic-related stress surrounding birth preparedness (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.35–2.26) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.28–1.88), were predictive of higher levels of anxiety (Preis et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preis et al., 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the evolving nature of this pandemic, data regarding gendered health differences during Covid-19 are limited.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Omitting gender analysis from public health research, interventions, and policy development fails to acknowledge the gendered impacts of disease outbreaks on healthcare access and utilization, labor practices, healthcare financing, data collection, and program evaluation.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The only published CDC recommendations on women's health during the pandemic to date are related to obstetric care (CDC, 2020b), failing to acknowledge other gender-specific health effects.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A survey of pregnant women in May 2020 showed that the prevalence of anxiety was 78.9%, with 21.7% of those surveyed experiencing severe anxiety (Preis et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preis et al., 2020 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High risk pregnancy (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06–2.19), abuse history (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.24–2.75), and pandemic-related stress surrounding birth preparedness (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.35–2.26) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.28–1.88), were predictive of higher levels of anxiety (Preis et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preis et al., 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Reports from the CDC emphasize healthcare workers’ increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 given the close interaction with high concentrations of patients and visitors amidst shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) (CDC, 2020a).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an effort to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnant people have had their autonomy limited during this pandemic, including visitor restrictions during labor (CDC, 2020b), forced separation of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and infants (CDC, 2020b), and the potential for reduced options for anesthesia due to limited resources for respiratory support (Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinat”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020b
- Not checked yetcites Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this potential increase in unintended pregnancies and financial strain of the pandemic's economic fall-out, some states are threating to halt abortion services (Ollstein, 2020), inaccurately denoting these procedures as elective and able to be delayed (Smith et al., 2018; Watson, 2018; Bayefsky et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the pandemic, women on average report more physical and mental unhealthy days per year than men despite utilizing more preventive care services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this study was limited by missing data points among its participants including pregnancy status (missing for nearly 75% of participants) and medical comorbidities (missing in close to 80% of cases).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the healthcare workforce, women, particularly women of color and immigrants, constitute the majority of US domestic workers and caregivers that are paid outside of formal channels (Diaz-Ordaz, 2010). Although these workers play critical roles in the care of children, the sick, and the elderly, many legal protections afforded to formal caregivers (including health insurance, overtime pay”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diaz-Ordaz, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One-third of US women reported delays or cancellations in sexual and reproductive healthcare, with a higher proportion of reports from Black, Latinx, LGBTQIA, and low-income women. Women in these groups also report more concern about their ability to access sexual and reproductive healthcare services, particularly contraception (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Ellington et al. (2020), pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at greater risk for severe illness when compared to non-pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, including increased risk of hospitalization (aRR = 5.4, 95% CI 5.1–5.6), intensive care unit admission (aRR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) and mechanical ventilation (aRR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender is a social determinant of health, unique from but entangled with sex differences (Springer et al., 2012; Rich-Edwards et al., 2018)”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to their personal caregiving responsibilities, working women lose roughly $5000 annually in income from wage penalties and reduced hours (Van Houtven et al., 2013). Conversely, male informal caregivers do not experience any difference in income for these responsibilities (Van Houtven et al., 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Houtven et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Racial disparities in access to and utilization of healthcare services and provider and institutional bias contribute to these outcomes, all of which may worsen during the health system stress of pandemics (Moaddab et al., 2018; American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2015; Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moaddab et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites ACOG, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women also have worse outcomes for prevalent health conditions including asthma (CDC, 2013), diabetes (Roche and Wang, 2013), and myocardial infarctions (Mehta et al., 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Roche and Wang, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although PPE is often marketed as “unisex,” findings show that they are manufactured according to traditional male proportions (Trades Union Congress, 2017). This has led to some women wearing ill-fitting PPE, potentially compromising their degree of protection (Pugh, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Trades Union Congress, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Pugh, 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, there have been increased cesarean section rates among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which are often performed before term, increasing the risk of complications for both the mother and neonate (Della Gatta et al., 2020; Matar et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Della Gatta et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Matar et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increased job loss due to the pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020), many women are forced to work part-time in multiple healthcare facilities without paid sick leave, thereby increasing their risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission to others (Pichler et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicola et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Pichler et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, it is likely that women are experiencing more caregiver burden during the pandemic while being isolated from the social supports needed to reduce this burden.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the decreased desire to become pregnant, women have experienced logistical and political threats to contraception and abortion access during the Covid-19 pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of disease outbreaks, female caregivers are more likely to experience a specific stress termed “caregiver burden,” the multidimensional toll that caregivers experience to their social, emotional, spiritual, financial, and physical wellbeing (Adelman et al., 2014). Perceived lack of agency in choosing the role, financial stress, and social isolation are associated with higher caregiver”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Abstract > Observations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More broadly, differences in screening, testing, and indications for hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant and non-pregnant people may cloud the reported conclusions, and it is unclear if the increased risks seen among pregnant people are from obstetric or SARS-CoV-2 related complications (Ellington et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multinational survey found that women without social support are more vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes than men without social connections, due to women's greater reliance on social support (Dalgard et al., 2006).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dalgard et al., 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidents of IPV and gender-based violence (GBV) increased globally during the Ebola (2014) and Zika (2016) outbreaks (Davies and Bennett, 2016) and are escalating during Covid-19 (North, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
- Not checked yetcites North, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond its direct implications for physical and mental health, IPV is a social determinant of health and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality for co-occurring diseases (Miller and Mccaw, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Mccaw, 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic also presents a perfect storm for female informal caregivers to experience increased burden, as mentioned above, which has demonstrated negative outcomes such as poor self-care, depression, and anxiety (Adelman et al., 2014).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This, coupled with the mental and economic strains of the pandemic, is likely initiating and exacerbating IPV and GBV (Van Gelder et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Gelder et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues will both contribute to the development of mental health disorders and limit access to mental health resources for women during and after the pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work suggests that gendered differences in mental health disorders outside of the disease outbreaks exist largely due to structurally imposed strains on women (Afifi, 2007), with disproportionate impacts on Black, Latinx, Native, and immigrant populations, partially due to discrimination (American Psychiatric Association, 2007; Greenwood et al., 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi, 2007
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Greenwood et al., 2017 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite greater utilization of mental health resources, women in the US are twice as likely to have unmet needs for mental health services as men, often because of inadequate insurance coverage and stigma associated with seeking care (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the challenges in access to family planning in a pandemic, medication abortion facilitated by telemedicine is prohibited in eighteen US states (Guttmacher Institute, 2020). Even if pregnant people obtain prescriptions for medication abortions, mifepristone—one of the drugs used—is subject to Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) restrictions (Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017). The”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guttmacher Institute, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued restrictions on abortion will inevitably increase the number of pregnant people needing obstetric care during and in the aftermath of this pandemic, burdening an already under-resourced healthcare system.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women are underrepresented in drug development trials; many researchers fail to design studies with adequate samples of women, and even fewer analyze results according to gender and sex (Liu and Mager, 2016; Nowogrodzki, 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Mager, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Nowogrodzki, 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these circumstances represent dangerous, often tragic, public health emergencies that disproportionately affect women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these risk factors can affect the mental health of all populations during the Covid-19 pandemic, there is likely a differential impact on women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender roles tend to be reinforced during times of disease outbreak (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016). This likely increases feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and lack of autonomy among women as they try to reconcile their self-identity with their imposed roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic will have immediate and long-term effects on women's health, highlighting the importance of gender analysis in its planning and response.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender blindness leads to health interventions that may be less effective for women at best and directly harmful to their wellbeing at worst—outcomes demonstrated in previous disease outbreaks (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the current body of knowledge overwhelmingly focuses on differences among genders that are detrimental to women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During disease outbreaks, “gender blindness”—the systemic failure to acknowledge gender differences in health—pervades and hinders response efforts (Smith, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be aspects of women's experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic and other disease outbreaks that are beneficial to women's health, but our discussion of those topics is limited by the negativity bias of reporting in the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the literature cited here regarding gender and disease outbreaks come from the SARS, Ebola, and Zika outbreaks.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we recognize that gender is often framed through a lens of ethnocentrism, classism, and heteronormativity, which limits our description of the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Health inequities are compounded in women who have intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status, immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.
“These health inequities are compounded in women with intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status (SES), immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural geographic location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The societal effects of the Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.
“Much as the SARS-CoV-2 virus confers disproportionate morbidity to individuals on the periphery of health—the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions—the societal effects of the pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For migrant women with young children, especially single mothers, the risk for mental health issues, including depression, is high due to the accumulation of risk factors (e.g., caregiving roles, economic insecurity) (44, 46).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results, as well as the emerging literature on the COVID-19 pandemic' impacts on wellbeing and mental health, highlight the vulnerability and the potential severe and long-term effects that the pandemic may have for certain groups (21, 44, 45).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
Cites
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Feminist Legal Theory · doi:10.4324/9780429500480-5 · Cited by 9,510
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., and the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775 · Cited by 9,254
The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018 · Cited by 6,351
Caregiver Burden: A Clinical Review
Adelman, R. D., Tmanova, L. L., Delgado, D., Dion, S., & Lachs, M. S. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.304 · Cited by 2,002
The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020) · doi:10.3386/w26947 · Cited by 1,706
Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, C. J., Susser, E., Lü, J., et al. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400504 · Cited by 1,651
Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed
Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R., & Halton, J. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2005630 · Cited by 1,557
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921 · Cited by 1,548
Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Mehta, L. S., Beckie, T. M., DeVon, H. A., Grines, C. L., Krumholz, H. M., Johnson, M. N., Lindley, K. J., Vaccarino, V., Wang, T. Y., Watson, K. E., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000351 · Cited by 1,244
Ellington, S., Strid, P., Tong, V. T., Woodworth, K., Galang, R. R., Zambrano, L. D., Nahabedian, J., Anderson, K., & Gilboa, S. M. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1 · Cited by 1,065
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ollstein, 2020, Judges block 3 states from enforcing abortion bans pegged to pandemic, Politico
- Purdie, 2020, Sex, gender and COVID-19: disaggregated data and health disparities, BMJ Global Health Blog
- Rasmussen, 2019, Ebola vaccine for pregnant women: one step closer but more to go, STAT
- Townsend, 2020, Revealed: surge in domestic violence during Covid-19 crisis, Observer
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schumacher, A. E., Kyu, H. H., Aali, A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, J., Abbasgholizadeh, R., Abbasi, M. A., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abdelmasseh, M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00476-8 · Cited by 1,045
Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Santo, T. D., Li, L., Jiang, X., Li, K., Wang, Y., Tasleem, A., Krishnan, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074224 · Cited by 352
Promoting gender equality across the sustainable development goals
Filho, W. L., Kovaleva, M., Tsani, S., Țîrcă, D.-M., Shiel, C., Dinis, M. A. P., Nicolau, M. D., Sima, M., Fritzen, B., Salvia, A. L., et al. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02656-1 · Cited by 207
Sultana, F. (2021) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649365.2021.1910994 · Cited by 237
Pirtle, W. N. L., & Wright, T. (2021) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/08912432211001302 · Cited by 220
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J., Madhavan, S., Mokashi, M., Amanuel, H., Johnson, N. R., Pace, L. E., & Bartz, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jade
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 113364
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7487147
- OpenAlex
- W3085791039
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f91593e262883768d4fad93c4f7e87d1b18ba14
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007753)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, gender differences in health, women's health, healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, mental health, health care access, health equity, economic impact of pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Drug Development, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Status, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Caregivers, Workplace, Pregnant People, Racial Groups, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
