The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 90 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review
Open accessAbstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic is straining healthcare systems in the US and globally, which has wide-reaching implications for health. Women experience unique health risks and outcomes influenced by their gender, and this narrative review aims to outline how these differences are exacerbated in the Covid-19 pandemic. Observations It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2. This review analyzed the health, economic, and social systems that result in gender-based differences in the areas healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics. We assess data from previous disease outbreaks coupled with literature from the Covid-19 pandemic to examine the impact of gender on women’s SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease risks and overall health status during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusions Gender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts to foster equity in health, social, and economic systems during and in the aftermath of Covid-19 may mitigate the inequitable risks posed by pandemics and other times of healthcare stress.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
65 Not checked yet · 25 Own interpretation · 6 Own method
In the paper
“Outside of the current pandemic, the US's poor obstetric and neonatal healthcare indicators are largely driven by worse rates of maternal morbidity and mortality within Black and Native populations (Petersen et al., 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Beyond the paid workforce, 65% of informal family caregivers in the US are women (Feinberg et al., 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feinberg et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Women are concentrated in roles requiring the most close, prolonged contact with patients (Fig. 1) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes likely negatively impact maternal and neonatal outcomes (Elmir et al., 2010; Goodman et al., 2004).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This study found no difference in death among pregnant and non-pregnant women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial reports indicate that women are at decreased risk of severe disease and death with SARS-CoV-2 infection than men (Purdie et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020).”
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
“It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Purdie et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Richardson et al., 2020 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
In the paper
“Women compose the majority of the healthcare workforce; 76% of US healthcare workers are women (Fig. 1 ) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic is already exacerbating women's caregiver responsibilities with schools and childcare centers preventatively closed nationwide in the US (Graves, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graves, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pandemics limit access to the healthcare system, notably to preventative and reproductive healthcare.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, Black and Latinx, low-income, and immigrant women are all at greatest risk of being uninsured (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2016) and subsequently being unable to access healthcare should they become sick from their caregiving roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites KFF, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Reports from the CDC emphasize healthcare workers’ increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 given the close interaction with high concentrations of patients and visitors amidst shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) (CDC, 2020a).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an effort to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnant people have had their autonomy limited during this pandemic, including visitor restrictions during labor (CDC, 2020b), forced separation of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and infants (CDC, 2020b), and the potential for reduced options for anesthesia due to limited resources for respiratory support (Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinat”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020b
- Not checked yetcites Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this potential increase in unintended pregnancies and financial strain of the pandemic's economic fall-out, some states are threating to halt abortion services (Ollstein, 2020), inaccurately denoting these procedures as elective and able to be delayed (Smith et al., 2018; Watson, 2018; Bayefsky et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the pandemic, women on average report more physical and mental unhealthy days per year than men despite utilizing more preventive care services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this study was limited by missing data points among its participants including pregnancy status (missing for nearly 75% of participants) and medical comorbidities (missing in close to 80% of cases).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the healthcare workforce, women, particularly women of color and immigrants, constitute the majority of US domestic workers and caregivers that are paid outside of formal channels (Diaz-Ordaz, 2010). Although these workers play critical roles in the care of children, the sick, and the elderly, many legal protections afforded to formal caregivers (including health insurance, overtime pay”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diaz-Ordaz, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One-third of US women reported delays or cancellations in sexual and reproductive healthcare, with a higher proportion of reports from Black, Latinx, LGBTQIA, and low-income women. Women in these groups also report more concern about their ability to access sexual and reproductive healthcare services, particularly contraception (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Ellington et al. (2020), pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at greater risk for severe illness when compared to non-pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, including increased risk of hospitalization (aRR = 5.4, 95% CI 5.1–5.6), intensive care unit admission (aRR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) and mechanical ventilation (aRR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender is a social determinant of health, unique from but entangled with sex differences (Springer et al., 2012; Rich-Edwards et al., 2018)”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to their personal caregiving responsibilities, working women lose roughly $5000 annually in income from wage penalties and reduced hours (Van Houtven et al., 2013). Conversely, male informal caregivers do not experience any difference in income for these responsibilities (Van Houtven et al., 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Houtven et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Racial disparities in access to and utilization of healthcare services and provider and institutional bias contribute to these outcomes, all of which may worsen during the health system stress of pandemics (Moaddab et al., 2018; American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2015; Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moaddab et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites ACOG, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women also have worse outcomes for prevalent health conditions including asthma (CDC, 2013), diabetes (Roche and Wang, 2013), and myocardial infarctions (Mehta et al., 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Roche and Wang, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although PPE is often marketed as “unisex,” findings show that they are manufactured according to traditional male proportions (Trades Union Congress, 2017). This has led to some women wearing ill-fitting PPE, potentially compromising their degree of protection (Pugh, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Trades Union Congress, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Pugh, 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, there have been increased cesarean section rates among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which are often performed before term, increasing the risk of complications for both the mother and neonate (Della Gatta et al., 2020; Matar et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Della Gatta et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Matar et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increased job loss due to the pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020), many women are forced to work part-time in multiple healthcare facilities without paid sick leave, thereby increasing their risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission to others (Pichler et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicola et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Pichler et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, it is likely that women are experiencing more caregiver burden during the pandemic while being isolated from the social supports needed to reduce this burden.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the decreased desire to become pregnant, women have experienced logistical and political threats to contraception and abortion access during the Covid-19 pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of disease outbreaks, female caregivers are more likely to experience a specific stress termed “caregiver burden,” the multidimensional toll that caregivers experience to their social, emotional, spiritual, financial, and physical wellbeing (Adelman et al., 2014). Perceived lack of agency in choosing the role, financial stress, and social isolation are associated with higher caregiver”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Abstract > Observations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More broadly, differences in screening, testing, and indications for hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant and non-pregnant people may cloud the reported conclusions, and it is unclear if the increased risks seen among pregnant people are from obstetric or SARS-CoV-2 related complications (Ellington et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multinational survey found that women without social support are more vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes than men without social connections, due to women's greater reliance on social support (Dalgard et al., 2006).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dalgard et al., 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidents of IPV and gender-based violence (GBV) increased globally during the Ebola (2014) and Zika (2016) outbreaks (Davies and Bennett, 2016) and are escalating during Covid-19 (North, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
- Not checked yetcites North, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond its direct implications for physical and mental health, IPV is a social determinant of health and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality for co-occurring diseases (Miller and Mccaw, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Mccaw, 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic also presents a perfect storm for female informal caregivers to experience increased burden, as mentioned above, which has demonstrated negative outcomes such as poor self-care, depression, and anxiety (Adelman et al., 2014).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This, coupled with the mental and economic strains of the pandemic, is likely initiating and exacerbating IPV and GBV (Van Gelder et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Gelder et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues will both contribute to the development of mental health disorders and limit access to mental health resources for women during and after the pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work suggests that gendered differences in mental health disorders outside of the disease outbreaks exist largely due to structurally imposed strains on women (Afifi, 2007), with disproportionate impacts on Black, Latinx, Native, and immigrant populations, partially due to discrimination (American Psychiatric Association, 2007; Greenwood et al., 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi, 2007
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Greenwood et al., 2017 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite greater utilization of mental health resources, women in the US are twice as likely to have unmet needs for mental health services as men, often because of inadequate insurance coverage and stigma associated with seeking care (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the challenges in access to family planning in a pandemic, medication abortion facilitated by telemedicine is prohibited in eighteen US states (Guttmacher Institute, 2020). Even if pregnant people obtain prescriptions for medication abortions, mifepristone—one of the drugs used—is subject to Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) restrictions (Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017). The”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guttmacher Institute, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued restrictions on abortion will inevitably increase the number of pregnant people needing obstetric care during and in the aftermath of this pandemic, burdening an already under-resourced healthcare system.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women are underrepresented in drug development trials; many researchers fail to design studies with adequate samples of women, and even fewer analyze results according to gender and sex (Liu and Mager, 2016; Nowogrodzki, 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Mager, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Nowogrodzki, 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these circumstances represent dangerous, often tragic, public health emergencies that disproportionately affect women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these risk factors can affect the mental health of all populations during the Covid-19 pandemic, there is likely a differential impact on women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender roles tend to be reinforced during times of disease outbreak (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016). This likely increases feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and lack of autonomy among women as they try to reconcile their self-identity with their imposed roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic will have immediate and long-term effects on women's health, highlighting the importance of gender analysis in its planning and response.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender blindness leads to health interventions that may be less effective for women at best and directly harmful to their wellbeing at worst—outcomes demonstrated in previous disease outbreaks (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the current body of knowledge overwhelmingly focuses on differences among genders that are detrimental to women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During disease outbreaks, “gender blindness”—the systemic failure to acknowledge gender differences in health—pervades and hinders response efforts (Smith, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be aspects of women's experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic and other disease outbreaks that are beneficial to women's health, but our discussion of those topics is limited by the negativity bias of reporting in the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the literature cited here regarding gender and disease outbreaks come from the SARS, Ebola, and Zika outbreaks.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we recognize that gender is often framed through a lens of ethnocentrism, classism, and heteronormativity, which limits our description of the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Health inequities are compounded in women who have intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status, immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.
“These health inequities are compounded in women with intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status (SES), immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural geographic location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The societal effects of the Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.
“Much as the SARS-CoV-2 virus confers disproportionate morbidity to individuals on the periphery of health—the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions—the societal effects of the pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For migrant women with young children, especially single mothers, the risk for mental health issues, including depression, is high due to the accumulation of risk factors (e.g., caregiving roles, economic insecurity) (44, 46).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results, as well as the emerging literature on the COVID-19 pandemic' impacts on wellbeing and mental health, highlight the vulnerability and the potential severe and long-term effects that the pandemic may have for certain groups (21, 44, 45).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
Cites
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Feminist Legal Theory · doi:10.4324/9780429500480-5 · Cited by 9,510
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., and the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775 · Cited by 9,254
The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018 · Cited by 6,351
Caregiver Burden: A Clinical Review
Adelman, R. D., Tmanova, L. L., Delgado, D., Dion, S., & Lachs, M. S. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.304 · Cited by 2,002
The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020) · doi:10.3386/w26947 · Cited by 1,706
Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, C. J., Susser, E., Lü, J., et al. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400504 · Cited by 1,651
Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed
Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R., & Halton, J. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2005630 · Cited by 1,557
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921 · Cited by 1,548
Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Mehta, L. S., Beckie, T. M., DeVon, H. A., Grines, C. L., Krumholz, H. M., Johnson, M. N., Lindley, K. J., Vaccarino, V., Wang, T. Y., Watson, K. E., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000351 · Cited by 1,244
Ellington, S., Strid, P., Tong, V. T., Woodworth, K., Galang, R. R., Zambrano, L. D., Nahabedian, J., Anderson, K., & Gilboa, S. M. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1 · Cited by 1,065
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ollstein, 2020, Judges block 3 states from enforcing abortion bans pegged to pandemic, Politico
- Purdie, 2020, Sex, gender and COVID-19: disaggregated data and health disparities, BMJ Global Health Blog
- Rasmussen, 2019, Ebola vaccine for pregnant women: one step closer but more to go, STAT
- Townsend, 2020, Revealed: surge in domestic violence during Covid-19 crisis, Observer
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schumacher, A. E., Kyu, H. H., Aali, A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, J., Abbasgholizadeh, R., Abbasi, M. A., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abdelmasseh, M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00476-8 · Cited by 1,045
Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Santo, T. D., Li, L., Jiang, X., Li, K., Wang, Y., Tasleem, A., Krishnan, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074224 · Cited by 352
Promoting gender equality across the sustainable development goals
Filho, W. L., Kovaleva, M., Tsani, S., Țîrcă, D.-M., Shiel, C., Dinis, M. A. P., Nicolau, M. D., Sima, M., Fritzen, B., Salvia, A. L., et al. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02656-1 · Cited by 207
Sultana, F. (2021) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649365.2021.1910994 · Cited by 237
Pirtle, W. N. L., & Wright, T. (2021) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/08912432211001302 · Cited by 220
Cénat, J. M., Farahi, S. M. M. M., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W. P., Bekarkhanechi, F. M., Poisson, H., Broussard, C., Ukwu, G., Auguste, E., Nguyen, D. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.011 · Cited by 194
Dale, R., Budimir, S., Probst, T., Stippl, P., & Pieh, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073679 · Cited by 190
“The effect that women are more burdened than men was to be expected as this is a general trend in psychiatric research [50] and representative population surveys [30,51].”
Gender disparities in access to care for time-sensitive conditions during COVID-19 pandemic in Chile
Pacheco, J., Crispi, F., Alfaro, T., Martínez, M. S. C., & Cuadrado, C. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11838-x · Cited by 188
“Similar disruptions were observed for contraception and safe abortion services [24].”
InfluentialPsychological distress in North America during COVID-19: The role of pandemic-related stressors
Zheng, J., Morstead, T., Sin, N. L., Klaiber, P., Umberson, D., Kamble, S. V., & DeLongis, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113687 · Cited by 177
Mata, J., Wenz, A., Rettig, T., Reifenscheid, M., Möhring, K., Krieger, U., Friedel, S., Fikel, M., Cornesse, C., Blom, A. G., et al. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114333 · Cited by 148
“Importantly, women are also more likely to experience distress (Kimhi et al., 2020) and symptoms of mental health problems including depression and anxiety (Connor et al., 2020).”
The disparate impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of female and male caregivers
Wade, M., Prime, H., Johnson, D., May, S. S., Jenkins, J. M., & Browne, D. T. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113801 · Cited by 131
Spiritus-Beerden, E., Verelst, A., Devlieger, I., Primdahl, N. L., Guedes, F. B., Chiarenza, A., Maesschalck, S. D., Durbeej, N., Garrido, R., de Matos, M. G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126354 · Cited by 124
“, gender-based violence, drugdevelopment, mental health) [10,54].”
Milani, S. A., Raji, M. A., Chen, L., & Kuo, Y. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31012 · Cited by 127
A global meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and stress before and during COVID-19.
Daniali, H., Martinussen, M., & Flaten, M. A. (2023) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001259 · Cited by 117
Parenteau, A. M., Boyer, C. J., Campos, L., Carranza, A. F., Deer, L. K., Hartman, D. T., Bidwell, J. T., & Hostinar, C. E. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000499 · Cited by 100
“…schools and daycare centers were closed, and many care services and supports for adults with chronic or acute health needs became inaccessible or curtailed, leaving gaps in childcare and eldercare that were, and continue to be, disproportionately filled by women (Connor et al., 2020; Power, 2020).”
InfluentialAn Intersectional Approach to Understanding Barriers to Healthcare for Women
Vohra-Gupta, S., Petruzzi, L. J., Jones, C. M., & Cubbin, C. (2022) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-022-01147-8 · Cited by 115
“In fact, a greater number of women have lost their jobs and are unemployed or have had to leave their workplace due to caretaking responsibilities [49, 50].”
Care in times of COVID-19: the impact of the pandemic on informal caregiving in Austria
Rodrigues, R., Simmons, C., Schmidt, A. E., & Steiber, N. (2021) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00611-z · Cited by 85
Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from Minnesota and Hong Kong
Chan, A. C. Y., Piehler, T. F., & Ho, G. W. K. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.144 · Cited by 83
Marques, P., Silva, A. S., Quaresma, Y., Manna, L. R., Neto, N. D. M., & Mazzoni, R. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127268 · Cited by 77
The social specificities of hostility toward vaccination against Covid-19 in France
Bajos, N., Spire, A., Silberzan, L., & for the EPICOV study group (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262192 · Cited by 70
“Failure to take into account the social determinants of reluctance to vaccinate could lead to strengthening social inequalities in terms of morbidity and mortality [43, 44], as well as in terms of care work, mental health, and sexual and reproductive health, which particularly affect women [45].”
Mental health inequalities increase as a function of COVID-19 pandemic severity levels
Maffly‐Kipp, J., Eisenbeck, N., Carreno, D. F., & Hicks, J. A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114275 · Cited by 67
Fear of COVID-19 Among College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wang, F., Zhang, L., Ding, L., Wang, L., & Deng, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.846894 · Cited by 65
Lin, T., Harris, E., Heemskerk, A., Bavel, J. J. V., & Ebner, N. C. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114335 · Cited by 63
COVID-19 Pandemic Worsening Gender Inequalities for Women and Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa
Ahinkorah, B. O., Hagan, J. E., Ameyaw, E. K., Seidu, A., & Schack, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.686984 · Cited by 61
Smith, T. B., Vacca, R., Mantegazza, L., & Capua, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01801-6 · Cited by 60
Patriarchy at the helm of gender-based violence during COVID-19
Javed, S., & Chattu, V. K. (2020) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2021003 · Cited by 60
“GBV is associated with higher mortality and morbidity for co-occurring diseases [4].”
Devaraj, S., & Patel, P. C. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113615 · Cited by 55
Santo, T. D., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., He, C., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Li, K.-X., Bonardi, O., Krishnan, A., Boruff, J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14746-1 · Cited by 50
Vulnerability of migrant women during disasters: a scoping review of the literature
Trentin, M., Rubini, E., Bahattab, A. A. S., Loddo, M., Corte, F. D., Ragazzoni, L., & Valente, M. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01951-1 · Cited by 59
Riley, V., Ellis, N., Sams, L., & Taylor, J. H. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103061 · Cited by 59
Paschke, K., Arnaud, N., Austermann, M., & Thomasius, R. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.49 · Cited by 51
Reasons for Suicide During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan
Koda, M., Harada, N., Eguchi, A., Nomura, S., & Ishida, Y. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45870 · Cited by 54
Covid-19 and alcohol associated liver disease
Deutsch‐Link, S., Curtis, B. L., & Singal, A. K. (2022) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2022.07.007 · Cited by 55
“[64] Connor J, Madhavan S, Mokashi M, et al.”
Mishra, S., Ma, H., Moloney, G., Yiu, K. C. Y., Darvin, D., Landsman, D., Kwong, J. C., Calzavara, A., Straus, S., Chan, A. K., et al. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.07.007 · Cited by 53
“This finding is consistent with data on social networks suggesting variable degrees of assortativity,(40) with connections between social networks through occupation - such as caregivers.(41, 42)”
Psychological distress among Italians during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) quarantine
Bonati, M. R., Campi, R., Zanetti, M., Cartabia, M., Scarpellini, F., Clavenna, A., & Segre, G. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03027-8 · Cited by 65
“In particular, a recent review examined economic, occupational, and familial stressors that result in gender-based disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic [32].”
Access to and Quality of Healthcare for Pregnant and Postpartum Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Brislane, Á., Larkin, F., Jones, H. M., & Davenport, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.628625 · Cited by 54
The feminist political economy of Covid-19: Capitalism, women, and work
Cohen, J., & Rodgers, Y. V. D. M. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1920044 · Cited by 55
“Nurses face relatively greater risk of exposure to infection, job stress, depression, and fear of exposing loved ones to disease than those in most other kinds of occupations (Connor et al., 2020).”
Erdiaw‐Kwasie, M. O., Abunyewah, M., Yusif, S., & Arhin, P. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20352 · Cited by 80
“The few early review studies focused on COVID-19 are purely health-related articles and fail to offer the business dimension of the debate [27,28].”
Stirling-Cameron, E., Ramos, H., Aston, M. L., Kuri, M., & Jackson, L. A. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01309-2 · Cited by 50
Cardiac rehabilitation in women, challenges and opportunities
Sawan, M. A., Calhoun, A. E., Fatade, Y. A., & WENGER, N. K. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.01.007 · Cited by 50
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on antenatal care utilisation in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
Landrian, A. S., Mboya, J., Golub, G. M., Moucheraud, C., Kepha, S., & Sudhinaraset, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060185 · Cited by 51
“Community health workers may also serve as an important conduit between women and their families and the healthcare system by referring them to appropriate care.”
Wister, A., Li, L., Mitchell, B. A., Wolfson, C. M., McMillan, J. M., Griffith, L. E., Kirkland, S., Raina, P. S., Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) Team, Costa, A. P., et al. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac035 · Cited by 48
Karp, C. A., Moreau, C., Sheehy, G., Anjur-Dietrich, S. P., Mbushi, F., Muluve, E., Mwanga, D. M., Nzioki, M., Pinchoff, J., & Austrian, K. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.017 · Cited by 46
The roles of sex and gender in women’s eye health disparities in the United States
Aninye, I. O., Digre, K. B., Hartnett, M. E., Baldonado, K. N., Shriver, E. M., Periman, L. M., Grutzmacher, J., & Clayton, J. A. (2021) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-021-00401-3 · Cited by 46
“The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, has skewed work-life balances and increased demands at home that have left women taking on additional tasks of caregiving, home-school teaching, career development, and entrepreneurship [45].”
Creating an inclusive community for BIPOC faculty: women of color in academia
Lin, P. S., & Kennette, L. N. (2022) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-022-00555-w · Cited by 56
“and educational responsibilities extending to providing both social support to students and supporting their own children’s education (Alang et al. 2017; Connor et al. 2020; Hepburn et al. 2020; Malone Gonzalez 2019; Mickey et al. 2020; Sneed et al. 2020).”
Tearne, J. E., Guragain, B., Ghimire, L., Leaning, J., & Newnham, E. A. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102622 · Cited by 52
Ragavan, M. I., Risser, L. R., Duplessis, V., DeGue, S. A., Villaveces, A., Hurley, T. P., Chang, J. C., Miller, E. P., & Randell, K. A. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211054869 · Cited by 46
Zhang, Y., Tao, S., Qu, Y., Mou, X., Gan, H., Zhou, P., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., & Tao, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1031560 · Cited by 47
“In addition, according to two rounds of survey, more attention should be given to the behavior and symptoms of depression and anxiety among women (9, 52), non-medical backgrounds and college students in high risk areas.”
Lim, M., Van Hulst, A., Pisanu, S., & Merry, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Global Women's Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.823632 · Cited by 55
Polisena, J., Ospina, M. B., Sanni, O. B., Matenchuk, B. A., Livergant, R., Amjad, S., Zoric, I., Haddad, N., Morrison, A., Wilson, K. R., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046177 · Cited by 41
Ding, Y., Yang, J., Ji, T., & Guo, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168539 · Cited by 38
“Recently, some scholars argue that the COVID-19 social isolation and lockdown measures might cause women to be more vulnerable than men, as women take on more responsibilities of homeschooling and family caregiving as well as their increased risk of domestic violence, abuse, and neglect [19].”
InfluentialBarbàra, G., Viero, A., Pellizzone, I., Buggio, L., Facchin, F., Cattaneo, C., D’Amico, M. E., Vercellini, P., & Kustermann, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19094973 · Cited by 38
“With regard to the current COVID-19 pandemic, it has been reported that some governmental measures introduced to manage the spread of the infection and limit the impact of the pandemic on the national health systems had a tremendous negative impact on women’s sexual and reproductive health (for instance, in terms of l…”
Corrado, D. D., Muzii, B., Magnano, P., Coco, M., Paglia, R. L., & Maldonato, M. N. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10061091 · Cited by 45
Berry, S., Trochmann, M. B., & Millesen, J. L. (2022) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x211069656 · Cited by 43
“…and less connected, bureaucratic environments; in part because the lines between professional and personal intertwined, the pandemic exacerbated inequities for many, including women, caregivers, people of color, and frontline or low-wage workers (Connor et al., 2020; Gaynor & Wilson, 2020).”
Lessons Learned From the Resilience of Chinese Hospitals to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review
Traverson, L., Stennett, J., Mathevet, I., Zacarias, A. C. P., de Sousa, K. M. P., Andrade, A., Zinszer, K., & Ridde, V. (2022) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/31272 · Cited by 40
Gillespie, A., Seff, I., Caron, C., Maglietti, M. M., Erskine, D., Poulton, C., & Stark, L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13866-7 · Cited by 49
Beall, J. M., Jackson, S. B., Casola, W. R., Peterson, M. N., Larson, L. R., Stevenson, K. T., & Seekamp, E. (2022) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2022.100094 · Cited by 38
“Women were also exposed to unique health risks during the pandemic including a lack of access to reproductive healthcare, gender-based domestic violence, and psychological reactions to stress (Connor et al., 2020) – issues that are often magnified by structural inequities (Afifi, 2007).”
Landa–Blanco, M., Mejía-Suazo, C. J., Landa-Blanco, A. L., Martínez‐Martínez, C. A., Vásquez, D., Vásquez, G., Moraga-Vargas, P., Echenique, Y., Cid, G. M. D., & Montoya, B. D. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113933 · Cited by 35
Lorello, G. R., Silver, J. K., Moineau, G., McCarthy, K., & Flexman, A. M. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27938 · Cited by 34
Petrov, M. E. R., Pituch, K. A., Kasraeian, K., Jiao, N., Mattingly, J. L., Hasanaj, K., Youngstedt, S. D., Buman, M. P., & Epstein, D. R. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.05.007 · Cited by 34
Women's Substance Use and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Devoto, A., Himelein-Wachowiak, M., Liu, T., & Curtis, B. L. (2022) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2022.01.004 · Cited by 34
del Río‐Lozano, M., García‐Calvente, M. D. M., Elizalde-Sagardia, B., & Maroto‐Navarro, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031653 · Cited by 34
“A number of studies have analyzed the differential health effects of the COVID19 pandemic on men and women [7], with evidence showing that the accumulation of caregiving responsibilities and household chores has taken a toll on the mental health of women [8–10].”
Providing rehabilitation to patients recovering from COVID‐19 : A scoping review
Wasilewski, M. B., Cimino, S. R., Kokorelias, K. M., Simpson, R., Hitzig, S. L., & Robinson, L. R. (2021) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12669 · Cited by 36
Li, J., Li, J., Chen, Y., Yang, S., Li, Z., Li, W., Gui, Z., & Zhou, C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.045 · Cited by 33
“The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a huge impact on individuals, not only physical but also mental health consequences (Connor et al., 2020).”
Always Feeling Behind: Women Auditors' Experiences during COVID-19
Ghio, A., Moulang, C., & Gendron, Y. (2022) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/ajpt-2021-139 · Cited by 32
Kleve, S., Bennett, C., Davidson, Z. E., Kellow, N. J., McCaffrey, T. A., O'Reilly, S. L., Enticott, J., Moran, L., Harrison, C. L., Teede, H. J., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124262 · Cited by 31
“Unsurprisingly, due to the increased load, women have exhibited higher levels of stress during the pandemic [20].”
Thomas, C. L., Johnson, L. U., Cornelius, A. M., Cobb, H. R., Murphy, L. D., & Vega, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09795-2 · Cited by 31
“This gender distribution, although overwhelmingly female, is not atypical of the healthcare profession: around 76% of healthcare workers are women and, as of 2019, around 88% of registered nurses are women (Connor et al., 2020; U.S. Census Bureau, 2019).”
Azevedo, F. M., de Morais, N. D. S., Silva, D. L. F., Candido, A. C., Morais, D. D. C., Priore, S. E., & Franceschini, S. D. C. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1087955 · Cited by 34
Schaming, C., & Wendland, J. (2022) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103557 · Cited by 29
The Psychological and Quality of Life Impacts on Women in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hung, M. S. Y., Lam, S. K. K., Chan, L. C. K., Liu, S. P. S., & Chow, M. C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136734 · Cited by 29
“intensified risk of specific adverse health outcomes that affect or worsen women’s health during COVID-19, particularly among healthcare workforce, gender-based violence, and mental health perspectives [14].”
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal behaviour and welfare researchers
Camerlink, I., Nielsen, B. L., Windschnurer, I., & Vigors, B. (2021) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105255 · Cited by 30
Ornelas, I. J., Tornberg-Belanger, S. N., Balkus, J. E., Bravo, P., Solorio, S. A. P., Perez, G., & Tran, A. N. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211050638 · Cited by 27
Duong, H. T., Massey, Z. B., Churchill, V., & Popova, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260478 · Cited by 27
“Finally, COVID-19 has disproportional impacts on communities of different racial and gender groups [86, 87] and future studies should focus on risk factors among these at-risk and underserved populations.”
Social Life of Females with Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms: A Qualitative Study
Aghaei, A., Zhang, R., Taylor, S., Tam, C.-C., Yang, C., Li, X., & Qiao, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159076 · Cited by 27
“Department of Health and Human Services [13] reports that females comprise up to 80% of the patient population suffering from persistent symptoms [14].”
Johnson, L. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04234-1 · Cited by 25
“Several scholars have emphasized that governments will need to develop COVID-19 recovery plans that prioritize the unique needs of women [5, 33].”
Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Santo, T. D., Li, L., Jiang, X., Li, K., Wang, Y., Tasleem, A., Krishnan, A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.21256920 · Cited by 33
Ni, B., Gettler, E. B., Stern, R. A., Munro, H. M., Steinwandel, M. D., Aldrich, M. C., Friedman, D. L., Sanderson, M., Schlundt, D. G., Aronoff, D. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2497 · Cited by 25
Saddik, B. A., Elbarazi, I., Temsah, M.-H. A., Sharif‐Askari, F. S., Kheder, W., Hussein, A., Najim, H., Bendardaf, R., Hamid, Q. A., & Halwani, R. (2021) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2021.1604369 · Cited by 25
Koch, M., & Park, S. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114583 · Cited by 25
Kromydas, T., Green, M. J., Craig, P., Katikireddi, S. V., Leyland, A. H., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Pearce, A., Thomson, R., & Demou, E. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-218561 · Cited by 25
Oruganti, P., Root, E. D., Ndlovu, V., Mbhungele, P., Wyk, I. V., & Berrian, A. M. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001167 · Cited by 24
“For the recent COVID pandemic, men have had higher mortality worldwide likely due to several gender-based societal roles and biological factors unique to women [6, 7].”
Rodriguez, L. M., Litt, D., & Stewart, S. H. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000724 · Cited by 25
Yong, A., & Germain, S. (2022) · Journal for Cultural Research · doi:10.1080/14797585.2021.2012090 · Cited by 26
“In the past, their underrepresentation and at times their reluctance to participate in clinical trials has led to some less effective therapeutics and vaccines for women from ethnic minority groups (Connor et al., 2020; Danso & Danso, 2021; Liu & Mager, 2016).”
Aznar, M. P. M., Zueco, J., Díaz, A., del-Pino-Espejo, M.-J., & Fortes, D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03282-w · Cited by 25
“In addition, women constitute the majority of the healthcare workforce, a sector that is at greater risk of illness and work overload due to the pandemic; on the other hand, the pandemic has restricted the access to the health and social services systems, limiting preventive and reproductive healthcare, as well as the…”
Trust in COVID ‐19 public health information
Verma, N., Fleischmann, K. R., Zhou, L., Xie, B., Lee, M. K., Rich, K., Shiroma, K., Jia, C., & Zimmerman, T. (2022) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24712 · Cited by 25
“Due to systemic inequities in the demographic make-up of the healthcare system women have been disproportionally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and a multitude of stresses related to the pandemic (Connor et al., 2020).”
A gendered content analysis of the World Health Organization’s COVID-19 guidance and policies
Tomsick, E., Smith, J., & Wenham, C. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000640 · Cited by 23
“Pandemics further exacerbate existing gender inequalities and vulnerabilities, increasing the risk of abuse, gender-based violence (GBV) and exploitation [5, 7, 16, 17].”
Demenech, L. M., Neiva-Silva, L., Brignol, S., Marcon, S. R., Lemos, S. M., Tassitano, R. M., & Dumith, S. C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001933 · Cited by 22
“…women seem to be more exposed to unemployment and loss of income (Furno, Fogo, Toneto, Cardomingo, & Paes, 2021), in addition to more frequently having taken on housework and child care (tasks that have become more difficult due to social isolation) (Connor et al., 2020; Furno et al., 2021).”
Thomas, A. S., Osbourne, M., Appelhans, B. M., Roisman, G. I., Booth‐LaForce, C., & Bleil, M. E. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13671 · Cited by 25
Leung, C., Olufunlayo, T. F., Olateju, Z., MacArthur, C., & Taylor, B. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08009-y · Cited by 21
“This finding is in accordance with literature that suggests that female health workers have disproportionate family responsibilities, which could exacerbate physical and emotional burdens during COVID-19 [43, 44].”
Ulloa, R. E., Apiquián, R., de la Peña, F. R., Sánchez, R. D., Mayer, P., Palacio, J. D., Palacios‐Cruz, L., Hernández, A., García, P., & Rosetti, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.005 · Cited by 26
Fernandes, M. D. S. V., Silva, T. M. V. D., Noll, P. R. E. S., Almeida, A. A. D., & Noll, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063735 · Cited by 21
“Among those determinants, five stand out, namely hormonal changes [75], low physical activity levels [76,77], hormonal contraceptive use [78], playing multiple social roles [79,80], and the increased probability of suffering physical and/or sexual violence [81,82].”
Broche‐Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Castillo, E. F., Jiménez-Puig, E., Vizcaíno-Escobar, A. E., Ferrer-Lozano, D. M., Rodríguez, L. M., & Martín-González, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.634088 · Cited by 26
“On the other hand, during the current pandemic caregiver responsibilities have increased, especially after the closure of childcare centers (21), potentially increasing stress and negatively impacting psychological wellbeing, especially in women (29).”
Mongin, D., Cullati, S., Kelly‐Irving, M., Rosselet, M., Regard, S., & Courvoisier, D. S. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101352 · Cited by 21
Dhanani, Z., Ferguson, J. M., Campen, J. V., Slightam, C. A., Jacobs, J., Heyworth, L. K., & Zulman, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/42563 · Cited by 21
“Although this is consistent with previous studies showing that women veterans are higher users of all types of video care [6], these trends may be indicative of higher likelihoods of women preferring video or phone care or being more likely to have caregiving priorities during the pandemic [24].”
Disasters and the diminishing of women's economic empowerment
Kreutzer, W., Millerd, C., & Timbs, N. (2023) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12582 · Cited by 20
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00077-7 · Cited by 21
“Identifying heterogenous subgroups and their correlates is important given the differential impact of the pandemic on certain individuals, for instance women, individuals from marginalized or racialized groups, and those with existing economic hardship and housing instability (Benfer et al., 2021; Condon et al., 2020;…”
Schecke, H., Fink, M., Bäuerle, A., Skoda, E., Schweda, A., Musche, V., Dinse, H., Weismüller, B., Moradian, S., Scherbaum, N., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189728 · Cited by 21
“However, there is evidence from the scientific literature that women may be more affected by the economic, social and psychological consequences of the pandemic [5].”
Psychological Factors Explaining Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Travel
Magano, J., Vidal, D. G., Sousa, H. F. P. E., Dinis, M. A. P., & Leite, Â. M. T. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11040083 · Cited by 20
“[16], the increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics.”
The burdens of poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic
Petersen, J., Hettich, N., Baumkötter, R., Wild, P. S., Pfeiffer, N., Münzel, T. F., König, J., Lackner, K. J., & Beutel, M. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.995318 · Cited by 19
“The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have reinforced these gender roles after the closure of schools and nurseries, which might have led to an increase in stress among women who are trying to incorporate these role traits into their self-identity (Connor et al., 2020).”
Ollier, J., Suryapalli, P., Fleisch, E., von Wangenheim, F., Mair, J. L., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., & Kowatsch, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185702 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J., Madhavan, S., Mokashi, M., Amanuel, H., Johnson, N. R., Pace, L. E., & Bartz, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jade
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 113364
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7487147
- OpenAlex
- W3085791039
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f91593e262883768d4fad93c4f7e87d1b18ba14
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007753)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, gender differences in health, women's health, healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, mental health, health care access, health equity, economic impact of pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Drug Development, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Status, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Caregivers, Workplace, Pregnant People, Racial Groups, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
