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Long-term consequences of youth volunteering: Voluntary versus involuntary service
Open accessAbstract
Despite the renewed interest in youth volunteering in recent years, there remain major gaps in our knowledge of its consequences. Drawing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examine the long-term effects of youth volunteering on the civic and personal aspects of volunteers' lives. Our results suggest that youth volunteering has a positive return on adult volunteering only when it is voluntary, and that net of contextual factors neither voluntary nor involuntary youth service has a significant effect on adult voting. Regarding personal outcomes, our findings indicate that the psychological benefits of youth volunteering accrue only to voluntary participants, whereas both voluntary and involuntary youth service are positively associated with educational attainment and earnings in young adulthood. Taken together, these results lend support to the case for youth volunteer programs, though the civic benefits of these programs appear to be less dramatic than generally suggested.
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“+ effect of youth volun - teering on adult civic eng. only when done volun - tarily; + effect of youth volunteering on psycho - logical well-being only”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Kim and Morgül (2017)
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“+ effect of youth volun - teering on adult civic eng. only when done volun - tarily; + effect of youth volunteering on psycho - logical well-being only”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Kim and Morgül (2017)
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“The findings of our investigation are consistent with the existing studies that found volunteering was positively related to the well-being of students in higher education (Schreier et al., 2013; Kim and Morgul, 2017; Ballard et al., 2018; Williamson et al., 2018).”
ResultVolunteering among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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““E” Factors: College Experiences and Involvement Two of the most promising practices in fostering moral and prosocial outcomes are community service (Kim & Morgül, 2017; King & Mayhew, 2002; Youniss & Yates, 1997) and service learning (Boss, 1994; Furco et al., 2016; Lies et al., 2012; Lovat &…”
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“It typically occurs within an organizational and community context [18].”
Age Is But a Number? An Exploration of Age Differences in Episodic Volunteering
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“Participating in volunteer and community service programs is positively associated with increased self-esteem among young people; however, little is known about the effects of youth volunteering on broader aspects of psychological well-being (Kim & Morgul, 2017).”
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“Previous research has found positive effects of volunteering on civic engagement, psychological well-being, social skills and educational attainment (Kim & Morg € ul, 2017).”
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“A study of the sibling pairs in Add Health found that both voluntary and involuntary volunteering is associated with more years of educational attainment (Kim & Morgül, 2017); in the sample of sibling pairs, about 10% were currently enrolled in community college.”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialVolunteering in Young Adulthood: Complex Associations With Later Health and Well-Being Outcomes
Nakamura, J. S., Wilkinson, R., Nelson, M. A., Suzuki, E., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2024) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171241273424 · Cited by 12
“While there are several rigorous longitudinal studies, 14,17,18 most look at youth volunteering (prior to young adulthood) or look at outcomes cross-sectionally in early life.”
Harris, K. M., & Halpern, C. T. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-042217 · Cited by 14
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“Throughout the life course, though, those who started volunteering early in life also tend to have higher chances for volunteering later in life (Greenfield & Moorman, 2018; Kim & Morgül, 2017).”
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“…youth volunteering, civic engagement, and school-directed community service have shown a variety of beneficial outcomes for participants including gains in self-esteem, communicative ability, leadership, problem solving, and intrinsic motivation (Kim & Morgul, 2017; Lin, 2013; Stukas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundVOLUNTEERING AS A FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS ' CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS
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“…2006), older people (Chong 2010; Morrow-Howell and Greenfield 2010; Tang 2010; Warburton 2010) and CONTACT Henry Wai-Hang Ling henrylinglwh@gmail.com © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group youth (Kim and Morgül 2017; Makhoul, Alameddine, and Afifi 2012; Sophie and Roger 2020).”
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“Some research suggests that volunteering, when freely chosen, is associated with larger increases in later well-being compared to required volunteering (e.g., by parents, school, or court-ordered; Kim & Morg € ul, 2017).”
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“In addition, youth participation in community activities is also associated with PYD and well-being [26]–[28].”
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“…who did not attend college, with the notable exceptions of Fenn et al. (2023) who cross-sectionally surveyed noncollege attending young adults and three studies that used the same nationally representative U.S. sample (Ballard et al., 2019; Kim & Morgül, 2017; Wray-Lake, Shubert, et al., 2019).”
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“Some nationally representative longitudinal research fi nds that youth volunteering predicts later increased income (Ballard et al., 2019; Kim & Morgül, 2017), other research fi nds no wage premiums (Astin et al., 1999; O ’ Higgins, 2020), and other research fi nds an initial dip in earnings for…”
InfluentialYouth Civic Engagement and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies
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“…on specific types of civic engagement, such as volunteering, voting, activism, political behaviors, or community involvement (Ballard et al., 2019; Kim & Morgül, 2017; Landstedt et al., 2016; Nakamura et al., 2024; Ojeda, 2015; Pai & Kim, 2021), and a few studies combined both approaches by…”
InfluentialPaat, Y., Hope, T. L., Wagovich, S. A., Cheon, H., Cruz, E. M., & Orezzoli, M. C. E. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00922-x · Cited by 4
“Numerous studies have attested to the benefits of volunteering, which include increasing social engagement and potentially buffering feelings of loneliness [50, 79].”
Lee, J.-H., & Jung, J.-K. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/29949769.2026.2671671 · Cited by 1
Patterns in Civic Engagement and Health Among Diverse Adolescent Students
Ballard, P. J., Suzuki, S., Manalo-Pedro, E., & Cohen, A. K. (2026) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399261443235 · Cited by 1
“Among high school students, prosocial civic behaviors such as volunteering are positively associated with psychological well-being and negatively associated with depressive symptoms (Kim & Morgül, 2017; Wray-Lake et al., 2019).”
Yao, Y., Hanxiao, Z., & Feng, J. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887620 · Cited by 1
“For university students navigating the transition to adulthood, engaging in prosocial behavior allows young adults to move beyond self-centered concerns and confront diverse social realities (Kim and Morgül, 2017).”
Self-Efficacy and Motivation to Volunteer among Undergraduate Students
Kang, T. Z., & Kahar, R. B. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i12/16003 · Cited by 1
Overcoming Isolation: Teenagers' Connectedness to Others During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Meltzer, G., Dinh, T., Campbell, N. M., Fothergill, A., & Gibb, C. (2023) · Children Youth and Environments · doi:10.1353/cye.2023.a915433 · Cited by 1
“Relatedly, Kim and Morgül (2017) emphasize that neighborhood resources and safety enhance adolescents' community involvement, while noting that socioeconomic disadvantages reduce their likelihood to volunteer.”
BackgroundResultLesbian, gay, and bisexual youth volunteering behaviors: Evidence from Northern Ireland
Matre, J. C. V. (2024) · Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1841 · Cited by 1
Kwan, J. Y., & Wray‐Lake, L. (2024) · Young · doi:10.1177/11033088241258395 · Cited by 1
“Voluntary and non-voluntary participants reported higher educational attainment and earnings compared to non-participants, but only voluntary participants benefited psychologically (Kim & Morgül, 2017).”
InfluentialLee, H. P., & Cnaan, R. (2024) · VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-024-00695-y · Cited by 2
“…volunteering leads to positive outcomes in future civic engagement like voting and vol-unteering (Hart et al., 2007; Janoski et al., 1998; Metz & Youniss, 2005), others suggest that it does not effectively foster civic attributes and engagement (Henderson et al., 2007; Kim & Morgu¨l, 2017).”
Lernprozesse über die Lebensspanne
Donlic, J., Hanfstingl, B., & Jaksche-Hoffman, E. (2019) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.3224/84742325 · Cited by 2
Understanding the Impact of Youth Engagement on Positive Youth Development
Allen, K. B. (2020) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1
The canned food drive: What do students learn?
White, E. S. (2021) · Social Studies Research and Practice · doi:10.1108/ssrp-09-2020-0044 · Cited by 1
Impact of Motivations for Volunteering on Well-being Among Health Sciences Students
Naber, A. J., Benson, R., Ericsson, K., & Genzlinger, M. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Education · doi:10.26681/jote.2022.060106 · Cited by 1
“Many studies have identified positive health outcomes related to volunteering (Dávila de León et al., 2020; Kim & Morgül, 2017; Pettigrew et al., 2019; Ridner et al., 2016; Salt et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAligning Needs: Integrating Citizen Science Efforts into Schools Through Service RequirementsPreprint
Tsueng, G., Kumar, A. A., Nanis, M., & Su, A. I. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/304766 · Cited by 1
“The merits and disadvantages of having CSSLRs (mandating volunteerism) in schools is subject to ongoing research and debate (Helms, 2013; Kim and Morgül, 2017; Bode, 2017).”
BackgroundCareer Readiness in the Pandemic: Insights from new international research for secondary schools
OECD (2021) · Education policy pointers · doi:10.1787/8b1215dc-en · Cited by 1
OECD (2021) · Education policy pointers · doi:10.1787/b679d759-en · Cited by 1
Civic and political engagement among young adults in Ireland
Laurence, J., & Smyth, E. (2023) · doi:10.26504/rs171 · Cited by 2
김민선, Sohn, B., & Oh, H. (2018) · faith & scholarship · doi:10.30806/fs.23.3.201809.71
The Role of Self-Perceived Altruism in Determining Engagement Levels of Mandatory Volunteers
Waclawczyk, J. A. (2019)
منصور, م. ا., & المجممی, ع. ب. م. (2021) · المجلة العلمية بکلية الآداب · doi:10.21608/jartf.2021.210931
Jensen, L. A., Pandya, N., & McKenzie, J. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0037
(2019) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.3224/84742325a
Peer leaders in reproductive health: A job that ended up much more
Koren, A., & Marchburn, C. (2022) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969221131879
“Voluntary community service was found to have a long-term positive effect on future volunteering in addition to educational attainment and cultivation of essential social skills (Kim and Morgül, 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J., & Morgül, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Jinho
- Venue
- Social Science Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 67
- Pages
- 160-175
- ISSN
- 0049-089X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5612372
- OpenAlex
- W2612735740
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 20.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Social Science Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Wisconsin−Madison (P2C HD047873)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01-HD31921 from)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Education › Service-Learning and Community Engagement
- Keywords
- youth volunteering, youth services, volunteering, citizen participation, educational attainment, earnings, psychological benefits, long-term effects
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