The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Long-term consequences of youth volunteering: Voluntary versus involuntary service
Open accessAbstract
Despite the renewed interest in youth volunteering in recent years, there remain major gaps in our knowledge of its consequences. Drawing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examine the long-term effects of youth volunteering on the civic and personal aspects of volunteers' lives. Our results suggest that youth volunteering has a positive return on adult volunteering only when it is voluntary, and that net of contextual factors neither voluntary nor involuntary youth service has a significant effect on adult voting. Regarding personal outcomes, our findings indicate that the psychological benefits of youth volunteering accrue only to voluntary participants, whereas both voluntary and involuntary youth service are positively associated with educational attainment and earnings in young adulthood. Taken together, these results lend support to the case for youth volunteer programs, though the civic benefits of these programs appear to be less dramatic than generally suggested.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“+ effect of youth volun - teering on adult civic eng. only when done volun - tarily; + effect of youth volunteering on psycho - logical well-being only”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Kim and Morgül (2017)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“+ effect of youth volun - teering on adult civic eng. only when done volun - tarily; + effect of youth volunteering on psycho - logical well-being only”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Kim and Morgül (2017)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2454 · Cited by 28,723
(1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,136
Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital
Putnam, R. D. (1995) · Journal of Democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002 · Cited by 14,037
de Tocqueville, A., Mansfield, H. C., & Winthrop, D. (2000) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118011690.ch12 · Cited by 6,287
Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3597 · Cited by 5,188
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
Keddy, J. L. (2001) · Spiritus · doi:10.1353/scs.2001.0014 · Cited by 3,798
Anthony, E. J. (1969) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)62239-1 · Cited by 2,539
Multiple Imputation of Missing Values
Royston, P. (2004) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301 · Cited by 2,340
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43sup-0452 · Cited by 1,949
Social Isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Brashears, M. E. (2006) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240607100301 · Cited by 1,887 · cited 1×
“Over the past two decades, however, an increasing number of scholars have voiced concerns about declining levels of social capital and civic engagement in America, particularly among younger cohorts (e.g., Jennings and Stoker, 2004; McPherson et al., 2006; Putnam, 1995, 2000).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 76 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Keith, 1994, School-based community service: answers and some questions, J. Adolesc., 17, 311
- Sobus, 1995, Mandating community service: psychological implications of requiring prosocial behavior, Law Psychol. Rev., 19, 153
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–116 of 116
Peer leaders in reproductive health: A job that ended up much more
Koren, A., & Marchburn, C. (2022) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969221131879
“Voluntary community service was found to have a long-term positive effect on future volunteering in addition to educational attainment and cultivation of essential social skills (Kim and Morgül, 2017).”
BackgroundPromoting Positive Youth Development through the Volunteer Programme in the Case of NEET Youth
Chauke, T. A. (2023) · Commonwealth Youth and Development · doi:10.25159/2663-6549/11445
Adolescent volunteering in Poland – contextual and individual determinants
Lachowski, S., & Lachowska, B. (2023) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/172561
“Volunteering is considered a form of pro-social behaviour [8, 13] which means voluntarily devoting one’s own time and services in order to help others without any financial or material remuneration [2, 14].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Compulsory Volunteerism on Youth
Alsouqi, A. E. A. (2024) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2024.153025
Levy, J., & Dimidjian, S. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10555-0
“Regarding autonomy, when volunteering among adolescents is required by schools, parents or other authority, it has been found to afford less future mental health benefit than volunteering with autonomy (Kim & Morgül, 2017).”
Wang, Q. W., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Shen, Y., Ma, Y., Wu, Z., & Hall, B. J. (2025) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01677-7
“Moreover, lower possibility of depression and higher life satisfaction and self-esteem is linked with youth volunteering [25, 33].”
Qvist, H.-P. Y., Qvist, J. Y., & Wiertz, D. (2025) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103172 · Cited by 1
“That said, programs to increase volunteering among older adults must be carefully designed, as evidence suggests that civic activities must maintain a voluntary character to have desirable effects (Jinho Kim and Morgül 2017; Warburton and Smith, 2003).”
The role of gender in shaping the effect of volunteering on first-time voter turnout
Fox, S. (2025) · Politics · doi:10.1177/02633957251344575
“…political participation (e.g. Putnam, 2000; Roker et al., 1999; Verba et al., 1995; Jeong 2013), data limitations have inhibited the ability of previous research to test the hypothesis that children who volunteer become more likely to vote (Kim and Morgul, 2017; Van Ingen and Kalmijn, 2010).”
InfluentialYouth volunteering and academic outcomes in a nationally representative U.S. sample
Gutierrez‐Kapheim, M., Krogen, M., Lies, M., Lanza, K., & Benjamins, M. R. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109069
Finnegan, J., Alcantar, C. M., Lucero, J. E., Crowther, D., Dagda, R. K., Usinger, J., & Ewing‐Taylor, J. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-943-120251002
Windon, S., & Buchko, O. (2025) · Community Development · doi:10.1080/15575330.2025.2581995
“Notably, early volunteer experiences increase the likelihood of long-term engagement (Kim & Morgül, 2017).”
Kwan, D. E., Choi, S., & Woo, H. (2026) · Journal of Social Science · doi:10.16881/jss.2026.01.37.1.3
Government volunteering: how it started, how it’s going
Piatak, J., & Sowa, J. E. (2026) · Journal of Chinese Governance · doi:10.1080/23812346.2026.2647313
Pauwels, F., Spruyt, B., & Siongers, J. (2026) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2026.2677021
Šarić, A., & Olaru, G. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09803-1
“Third, we hypothesized that self-esteem and social connectedness would be positively associated with changes in volunteering (H3a; H3b) and vice versa (H3c; H3d), based on previous research that suggested bidirectional associations (Fu et al., 2017 ; Kim & Morgül, 2017 ; Niebuur et al., 2018 ).”
Patterns of online civic engagement: Differences in mental health among adolescents and young adults
Ni, Y., Tao, X., & Jiang, L. (2026) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2026.102008
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J., & Morgül, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Jinho
- Venue
- Social Science Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 67
- Pages
- 160-175
- ISSN
- 0049-089X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5612372
- OpenAlex
- W2612735740
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 20.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Social Science Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Wisconsin−Madison (P2C HD047873)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01-HD31921 from)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Education › Service-Learning and Community Engagement
- Keywords
- youth volunteering, youth services, volunteering, citizen participation, educational attainment, earnings, psychological benefits, long-term effects
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
