Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 251

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Phototoxicity of nano titanium dioxides in HaCaT keratinocytes—Generation of reactive oxygen species and cell damage

Open access
Yin, Jun-Jie, Liu, Jun, Ehrenshaft, Marilyn, Roberts, Joan E., Fu, Peter P., Mason, Ronald P., Zhao, Baozhong·2012·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Abstract

Nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) is among the top five widely used nanomaterials for various applications. In this study, we determine the phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) with different molecular sizes and crystal forms (anatase and rutile) in human skin keratinocytes under UVA irradiation. Our results show that all nano-TiO2 particles caused phototoxicity, as determined by the MTS assay and by cell membrane damage measured by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, both of which were UVA dose- and nano-TiO2 dose- dependent. The smaller the particle size of nano-TiO2 the higher the cell damage. The rutile form of nano-TiO2 showed less phototoxicity than anatase nano-TiO2. The level of photocytotoxicity and cell membrane damage is mainly dependent on the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Using polyunsaturated lipids in plasma membranes and human serum albumin as model targets, and employing electron spin resonance (ESR) oximetry and immuno-spin trapping as unique probing methods, we demonstrated that UVA irradiation of nano-TiO2 can induce significant cell damage, mediated by lipid and protein peroxidation. These overall results suggest that nano-TiO2 is phototoxic to human skin keratinocytes, and that this phototoxicity is mediated by ROS generated during UVA irradiation.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.001

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Cited by

See all 251

Metadata

Authors
Yin, J.-J., Liu, J., Ehrenshaft, M., Roberts, J. E., Fu, P. P., Mason, R. P., & Zhao, B.
Venue
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-08
Volume
263
Issue
1
Pages
81-88
ISSN
0041-008X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1990550498
Cited by
251
References
3
FWCI
5.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Phototoxicity of nano titanium dioxides in HaCaT keratinocytes—Generation of reactive oxygen species and cell damage. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.001
The paper
Yin, J.-J., Liu, J., Ehrenshaft, M., Roberts, J. E., Fu, P. P., Mason, R. P., & Zhao, B. (2012). Phototoxicity of nano titanium dioxides in HaCaT keratinocytes—Generation of reactive oxygen species and cell damage. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.001

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.