The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 88 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity
Open accessAbstract
Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management. This paper reviews data on the mechanism of action, weight-loss and cardiometabolic efficacy, and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg/week for obesity. Semaglutide has demonstrated the largest weight loss of any obesity medication to date with reductions of approximately 15% of initial weight at 68 weeks, accompanied by improvements in cardiovascular risks factors and physical functioning. The approval of this medication provides patients with greater options for weight management.
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Claims the paper makes
62 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
In the paper
“The mean weight loss was significantly greater with all doses of liraglutide relative to placebo (4.8 kg, 5.5 kg, 6.3 kg, and 7.2 kg for liraglutide 1.2 mg, 1.8 mg, 2.4 mg, and 3.0 mg, respectively, versus 2.8 kg for placebo).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Astrup, 2009, Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Liraglutide induces weight loss by reducing energy intake.(16)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Van Can, 2014, Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults, Int J Obes source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared to placebo, liraglutide lowers ad libitum energy intake by 16%, as shown with a laboratory meal paradigm.(16)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Van Can, 2014, Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults, Int J Obes source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants who received liraglutide 2.4 mg or 3.0 mg also lost significantly more weight than those assigned to orlistat (4.1 kg).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Astrup, 2009, Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared to placebo, semaglutide 2.4 mg (i.e., once-weekly for 20 weeks) reduced ad libitum energy intake by 35%, as shown with a laboratory meal paradigm.(30)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Friedrichsen, 2021, The effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly on energy intake, appetite, control of eating, and gastric emptying in adults with obesity, Diabetes Obes Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fully 32.0% of semaglutide-treated participants lost 20% or more of baseline weight, compared with only 1.7% of the placebo group.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, only a very small proportion (<1 percentage point) of weight loss is explained by nausea or vomiting.(32)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Wharton, 2021, Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss, Diabetes Obes and Metab
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, studies have shown that semaglutide tends to have minimal effects on gastric emptying.(30)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Friedrichsen, 2021, The effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly on energy intake, appetite, control of eating, and gastric emptying in adults with obesity, Diabetes Obes Metab source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Semaglutide results in weight loss via reduced energy intake with minimal effects on energy expenditure.(29)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Blundell, 2017, Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity, Diabetes Obes Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As measured from the start of the run-in period, the two groups achieved mean cumulative weight losses at week 68 of 17.4% and 5.7%, respectively (see Figures 2 and 3).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Rubino, 2021, Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plainn = 803- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Continued semaglutide, relative to the switch to placebo, was associated with better outcomes for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin, lipid profile, and physical functioning on the SF-36 (Table 1).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [37] Rubino, 2021, Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
The Confirmatory and Supportive Secondary End Points section reports better waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, and SF-36 physical functioning outcomes with continued semaglutide versus placebo. Table 2 also reports a greater reduction in fasting serum insulin with continued semaglutide (-18% versus 0%; P < .001). (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelationaln = 803 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Gallbladder-related disorders (primarily cholelithiasis) were reported in 2.6% vs 1.2% of participants on semaglutide vs placebo in STEP 1, 0.2% vs 0.7% of participants in STEP 2, and 4.9% vs 1.5% in STEP 3.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Safety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Wadden, 2021, Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial, JAMA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Adverse Events section reports that gallbladder-related disorders, mainly cholelithiasis, occurred in 4.9% of semaglutide participants versus 1.5% of placebo participants in STEP 3. The paper’s passages do not provide the stated gallbladder-disorder percentages for STEP 1 or STEP 2, so this source supports only the STEP 3 portion of the sentence. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The half-life of GLP-1 is 1 to 2 minutes due to N-terminal degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4).(8, 9)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Semaglutide has demonstrated the largest weight loss of any obesity medication to date with reductions of approximately 15% of initial weight at 68 weeks, accompanied by improvements in cardiovascular risks factors and physical functioning.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Liraglutide, relative to placebo, resulted in declines of 15.7 mg/dL in fasting blood glucose, 0.5% in hemoglobin A1c, and 2.8 mmHg in systolic blood pressure.(24)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Khera, 2018, Effects of weight-loss medications on cardiometabolic risk profiles: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Gastroenterology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It stimulates insulin release and secretion in hyperglycemic states, inhibits glucagon release in hyperglycemic or euglycemic states, slows gastric emptying, and reduces food intake.(6, 7)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis showed that liraglutide produced a mean 5.2 kg placebo-subtracted weight loss at 1 year, with 63% of participants achieving a ≥5% weight loss, inclusive of 34% of participants who lost ≥10% of initial weight.(23)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Khera, 2016, Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Weight losses of 5% or more of initial weight help to ameliorate these complications, with larger losses producing greater health benefits.(3)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] 2013, Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes, NEJM source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone released from the proglucagon gene in L-cells of the distal small intestine and colon in response to oral nutrient intake.(5)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Koliaki, 2011, Incretin-based therapy: a powerful and promising weapon in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Ther source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has little known effect on energy expenditure.(16)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Liraglutide
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Van Can, 2014, Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults, Int J Obes source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The hormone binds to GLP-1 receptors expressed in tissues such as the pancreatic beta cells, gastric mucosa, kidney, heart, and hypothalamus.(6, 7)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Semaglutide-treated participants, relative to placebo, achieved larger reductions in waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and c-reactive protein.”
- Also stated in: § Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy · plain
“They also experienced greater improvements in HDL cholesterol, and in physical functioning as assessed by the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and by the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life–Lite Clinical Trials Version (IWQOL-Lite-CT) questionnaires (Table 1).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
plaindirectn = 1,961- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This formulation results in slower degradation and a half-life 155 to 184 hours, allowing for once-weekly subcutaneous dosing without compromising weight loss efficacy.(11, 26)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Semaglutide-treated participants were more likely than placebo to lose ≥5%, ≥10%, ≥15%, and ≥20% of initial weight, with 35.7% and 3.7% of participants, respectively, meeting the last criterion (Figure 3).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Wadden, 2021, Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plaindirectn = 611- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has structural modifications to allow for reversible albumin binding, reducing renal clearance and decreasing degradation by DPP-4, while also allowing for sufficiently high GLP-1R affinity.(11, 26)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most gastrointestinal events were mild-to-moderate in severity, transient, and occurred during the first 20 weeks of treatment during dose escalation.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Safety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Wadden, 2021, Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Semaglutide promotes insulin secretion from beta cells in the pancreas and decreases glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.(27, 28)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Ahmann, 2018, Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus exenatide ER in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): a 56-week, open-label, randomized clinical trial, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Ahrén, 2017, Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In STEP trials 1–3, the percent of participants in the semaglutide 2.4 mg vs placebo groups who experienced nausea was 33.7–58.2% versus 9.2–22.1%; diarrhea was 21.3–36.1% vs 11.9–22.1%; vomiting was 21.8–27.3% vs 2.7–10.8%; and constipation was 17.4–36.9% vs 5.5–24.5%.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Safety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Wadden, 2021, Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Those who remained on semaglutide lost 7.9 percentage points of their randomization weight from weeks 20 to 68, whereas those switched to placebo gained 6.9 percentage points (estimated treatment differences = −14.8; 95% CI=−16.0 to −13.5 percentage points; p<0.001).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Rubino, 2021, Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plaindirectn = 803 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significantly more participants in the semaglutide than in the placebo group achieved reductions of ≥5%, ≥10%, and ≥15% (Figure 3).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants in the semaglutide group, relative to placebo, had greater reductions in waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, c-reactive protein, hemoglobin A1c, and lipids (with the exception of HDL; Table 1).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Wadden, 2021, Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plaindirectn = 611- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The estimated treatment difference for semaglutide 2.4 mg vs placebo was −6.2 percentage points (95% CI −7.3 to −5.2, p<0.001), and for semaglutide 2.4 mg vs semaglutide 1.0 mg was 2.7 percentage points (95% CI −3.7 to −1.6, p<0.0001).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
plainn = 1,210 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist with 94 percent homology with native human GLP-1.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Mechanisms of Action for Weight Loss
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Semaglutide-treated patients lost 14.9% of baseline weight compared with 2.4% for placebo (estimated treatment difference = −12.4 percentage points, 95% CI −13.4 to −11.5; Table 1).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
plaindirectn = 1,961- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The semaglutide 2.4 mg group, compared with placebo, had significantly greater reductions in waist circumference, A1c, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, c-reactive protein, and physical functioning scores on the SF-36 and IWQOL-Lite-CT (Table 1).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
plaindirectn = 1,210 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cholelithiasis formation may also be a result of the direct action of GLP-1 and its agonist on biliary secretion and/or drug-induced modification of gallbladder motility.(56)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Nexøe-Larsen, 2018, Effects of liraglutide on gallbladder emptying: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults with overweight or obesity, Diabetes Obes Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“STEP 4 revealed two very important findings, the first which is that patients will lose substantial amounts of weight during the 16-week upward titration period but will not achieve their maximum weight loss until taking the full dose for 1 year.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Rubino, 2021, Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While participants only need to inject themselves once a week, this may limit use for some individuals who are reluctant to inject a medication.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mechanisms responsible for smaller weight losses in patients with diabetes may include reductions in resting metabolic rate, which occur with improved glycemic control (accompanying weight loss), decreased dietary adherence and “defensive snacking” related to fears of hypoglycemia, as well as reduced glycosuria.(49, 50)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of participants in STEP 1 lost 15% or more of baseline weight, and 30% of participants lost 20% of initial weight, a loss that approaches that produced by sleeve gastrectomy.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They could be the result of the effect of the medication on gastrointestinal functions such as gastric emptying, intestinal motility, secondary changes in the secretion of other gastrointestinal peptide hormones, and/or direct or indirect effects on the central nervous system.(51)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Baraboi, 2011, Brain activation following peripheral administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“STEP 1 found that semaglutide increased this value to 12.5 kg, with a mean 14.9% reduction in baseline weight at 68 weeks, compared with to 7%−8% for most other AOM.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Wilding, 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The oral formulation may improve convenience, acceptance, and adherence.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The exact mechanism of development of cholelithiasis in GLP1-RAs is unknown but may be attributable to large, rapid weight losses experienced by some patients.(53)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Erlinger, 2000, Gallstones in obesity and weight loss, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The primary composite outcome -- death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke -- occurred in significantly fewer participants treated by semaglutide (6.6%) than by placebo (8.9%) (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.95; p<0.001 for noninferiority; p=0.02 for superiority).”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Cardiovascular Safety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Marso, 2016, Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, NEJM source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the week-68 loss of 9.6% was approximately one-third less than that observed in participants without diabetes in the three other STEP trials reviewed.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Greater weight loss reliably produces greater improvements in several cardiometabolic risk factors,(3) as well as quality of life,(41) as was observed in the STEP trials.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As with all GLP-1 medications, gastrointestinal side effects were common in participants who took semaglutide 2.4 mg, though most were mild-to-moderate, and the majority of participants recovered without treatment discontinuation.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Wharton, 2021, Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss, Diabetes Obes and Metab
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies in patients with type 2 diabetes (in different countries) have shown absolute cost savings with semaglutide 1.0 mg, as well as the cost effectiveness of semaglutide 1.0 mg compared to other diabetes pharmacotherapies.(58, 59)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Viljoen, 2019, Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly semaglutide versus dulaglutide for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UK, Diabetes Obes Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Wilkinson, 2018, Cost of achieving HbA1c treatment targets and weight loss responses with once-weekly semaglutide versus dulaglutide in the United States, Diabetes Ther source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the study did not suggest the occurrence of fully additive weight loss, which had been observed when IBT was combined with AOM that produced a mean reduction of only 5%−6% of initial weight.(43)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Wadden, 2005, Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity, NEJM source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“HbA1c improved markedly in both groups – by 1.5–1.6% - but did not differ significantly, affirming the different doses prescribed for the management of obesity vs type 2 diabetes.”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Davies, 2021, Semaglutide 2• 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, few cost evaluations have been conducted for AOM specifically for weight management; one study suggested that semaglutide may not be cost-effective because of its high price.(60)”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Lee, 2020, The cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity, Obes Sci Pract source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Comprehensive lifestyle intervention remains the cornerstone of obesity treatment, but suboptimal weight losses and weight regain are common with this approach.
“Comprehensive lifestyle intervention remains the cornerstone of obesity treatment, but suboptimal weight losses and weight regain are common with this approach.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The efficacy and safety results from the STEP trials apply to the broader population of adults with obesity or overweight.
“Taken together, the first four STEP trials have revealed several critical findings concerning the induction and maintenance of weight loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cardiovascular outcome results from SUSTAIN-6 with semaglutide 0.5 or 1.0 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes apply to semaglutide 2.4 mg in patients with obesity without diabetes.
“The small mean increase in pulse rate does not appear to adversely affect cardiovascular outcomes, as revealed by results of the Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-term Outcomes with Semaglutide in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6).(39)”
The paper relies on this without support.
For most people, obesity is a chronic condition that can be managed but not cured.
“with the recognition that obesity, for most individuals, is a chronic condition that can be managed by not cured.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Semaglutide, administered once weekly at a dose of 2.4 mg, has demonstrated significant weight loss outcomes in clinical trials, with reductions in body weight exceeding 15% in many patients. 5 , 6”
From Impact of Semaglutide on fat mass, lean mass and muscle function in patients with obesity: The SEMALEAN study (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“It effectively lowers glucose levels and promotes significant weight loss, making it widely adopted for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.3,4”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
“Five medications are currently approved for weight management in the US”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Introduction
“(liraglutide, orlistat, phentermine, naltrexone/bupropion, phentermine/topiramate, and semaglutide)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
“for semaglutide 2.4 mg vs semaglutide 1.0 mg was 2.7 percentage points”
§ Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity > Semaglutide > Weight-Loss and Cardiometabolic Efficacy
“95% CI −3.7 to −1.6”
Citations
Cites
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Bain, S. C., Consoli, A., Eliaschewitz, F. G., Jódar, E., Leiter, L. A., Lingvay, I., Rosenstock, J., Seufert, J., Warren, M. L., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1607141 · Cited by 6,900
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
Wilding, J. P. H., Batterham, R. L., Calanna, S., Davies, M., Van Gaal, L. F., Lingvay, I., McGowan, B. M., Rosenstock, J., Tran, M. T. D., Wadden, T. A., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032183 · Cited by 5,205
Self-citationThe Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1
Holst, J. J. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006 · Cited by 3,371
Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes
The Look AHEAD Research Group (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1212914 · Cited by 2,908
Self-citationA Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management
Pi-Sunyer, X., Astrup, A., Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Halpern, A., Krempf, M., Lau, D. C. W., le Roux, C. W., Violante Ortiz, R., Jensen, C. B., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1411892 · Cited by 2,724
Rubino, D., Abrahamsson, N., Davies, M., Hesse, D., Greenway, F. L., Jensen, C., Lingvay, I., Mosenzon, O., Rosenstock, J., Rubio, M. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3224 · Cited by 1,444
Self-citationDavies, M., Færch, L., Jeppesen, O. K., Pakseresht, A., Pedersen, S. D., Perreault, L., Rosenstock, J., Shimomura, I., Viljoen, A., Wadden, T. A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00213-0 · Cited by 1,419
Self-citationObesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Ortega, F. B., Lavie, C. J., & Blair, S. N. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306883 · Cited by 1,254
Davies, M. J., Bergenstal, R., Bode, B., Kushner, R. F., Lewin, A., Skjøth, T. V., Andreasen, A. H., Jensen, C. B., DeFronzo, R. A., & for the NN8022-1922 Study Group (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.9676 · Cited by 1,198
Astrup, A., Rössner, S., Van Gaal, L., Rissanen, A., Niskanen, L., Al Hakim, M., Madsen, J., Rasmussen, M. F., & Lean, M. E. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61375-1 · Cited by 1,163
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Davies, 2015, Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 314, 687, 10.1001/jama.2015.9676 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Hendershot, C. S., Bremmer, M. P., Paladino, M. B., Kostantinis, G., Gilmore, T. A., Sullivan, N. R., Tow, A. C., Dermody, S. S., Prince, M. A., Jordan, R., et al. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4789 · Cited by 287
Wadden, T. A., Chao, A. M., Moore, M., Tronieri, J. S., Gilden, A., Amaro, A., Leonard, S., & Jakicic, J. M. (2023) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00534-z · Cited by 129
Self-citationSun, Q., Xing, X., Wang, H., Wan, K., Fan, R., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wu, W., Wang, Y., & Wang, R. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115586 · Cited by 125
A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: insights from clinical trials
Bikou, A., Dermiki-Gkana, F., Penteris, M., Constantinides, T. K., & Kontogiorgis, C. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2343092 · Cited by 97
“Existing pharmaceutical interventions for obesity management like orlistat, naltrexone-bupropion, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs), including liraglutide and semaglutide, have received approvals from both the FDA and the EMA [7].”
BackgroundSpotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide
Papakonstantinou, I. P., Tsioufis, K. P., & Katsi, V. K. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46120872 · Cited by 89
“The body weight reduction in people with obesity with semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly is approximately 15%, with simultaneous improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors and physical functioning [10,11].”
InfluentialDanpanichkul, P., Suparan, K., Dutta, P., Kaeosri, C., Sukphutanan, B., Pang, Y., Kulthamrongsri, N., Jaisa-aad, M., Ng, C. H., Teng, M. L. P., et al. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155958 · Cited by 64
Bettadapura, S., Dowling, K., Jablon, K. L., Al-Humadi, A. W., & le Roux, C. W. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01500-y · Cited by 60
“The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) analog semaglutide, a once-weekly injectable medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity [37], targets the circumventricular organs rather than permeating the blood-brain barrier.”
Alissou, M., Demangeat, T., Folope, V., Van Elslande, H., Lelandais, H., Blanchemaison, J., Cailleaux, P., Guney, S., Aupetit, A., Aubourg, A., et al. (2026) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70141 · Cited by 72
“5,6 These outcomes highlight its potential as a therapeutic option for obesity, particularly in cases where lifestyle interventions alone are insufficient.”
Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity
Oleszczuk, R., Kozińska, I., Gras-Ozimek, J., Kozińska, U., & Oleszczuk, A. (2022) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.095 · Cited by 4
“Uczestnicy leczeni semaglutydem, w porównaniu z placebo, osiągnęli większe zmniejszenie obwodu talii, poprawę parametrów ciśnienia krwi, stężenia hemoglobiny A1c , stężenia glukozy we krwi na czczo, cholesterolu całkowitego, cholesterolu LDL, trójglicerydów i białka c-reaktywnego, oraz wzrostu stężenia cholesterolu HD…”
BackgroundInfluentialHaykal, D., Hersant, B., Cartier, H., & Meningaud, J. (2024) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.16716 · Cited by 68
Deng, Y., Park, A., Zhu, L., Xie, W., & Pan, C. Q. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/20406223221108064 · Cited by 51
Herrou, J., Mabilleau, G., Lecerf, J.-M., Thomas, T., Biver, E., & Paccou, J. (2023) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-023-01150-8 · Cited by 50
Ren, Q., Zhi, L., & Liu, H. (2025) · Drug Design, Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s531778 · Cited by 44
Anti-Obesity Effects of Chitosan and Its Derivatives
Shagdarova, B., Konovalova, M., Varlamov, V., & Svirshchevskaya, E. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15193967 · Cited by 39
“The most popular drug, semaglutide, a glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonist, was developed to treat diabetes [17].”
BackgroundUrkon, M., Ferencz, E., Szász, J. A., Szabó, M. I. M., Orbán-Kis, K., Szatmári, S., & Nagy, E. E. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18050614 · Cited by 43
“Liraglutide and semaglutide are so efficient that their therapeutic indications have been extended for weight management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with an initial body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 kg/m 2 [116–118].”
Nelson, L. W., Lee, M. H., Garrett, J. W., Pickhardt, S. G., Warner, J. D., Summers, R. M., & Pickhardt, P. J. (2024) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.24.31805 · Cited by 35
Berberine and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews
Shi, L.-J., Wang, W., Jing, C., Hu, J. Y., & Liao, X. (2025) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04872-4 · Cited by 38
“Among conventional medicines, semaglutide has been shown to provide the greatest weight loss of all obesity medications, but still carries the risk of accelerated heart rate [63].”
Guo, H., Yang, J., Huang, J., Xu, L., Lv, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, J., Feng, Y., Zheng, Q., & Li, L. (2025) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2025.100162 · Cited by 32
Research Progress on bioactive peptides from animal sources: A comprehensive review
Sun, J., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Bai, D., Sun, Z., Song, J., & Dai, L. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145006 · Cited by 35
da Silva, R. S., de Paiva, I. H. R., Mendonça, I. P., de Souza, J. R. B., Lucena‐Silva, N., & Peixoto, C. A. (2024) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01603-y · Cited by 36
“Clinical trials have demonstrated that semaglutide has superior efficacy compared to other antidiabetic medications in decreasing the weight, as well as reducing the rate of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke (Singh et al. 2022a; Chao et al. 2023).”
Infertility Improvement after Medical Weight Loss in Women and Men: A Review of the Literature
Pavli, P., Triantafyllidou, O., Kapantais, E., Vlahos, N., & Valsamakis, G. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031909 · Cited by 42
“This medicine increases insulin and stimulates glucagon secretion [70], while it also acts through neuronal pathways to stimulate saturation and energy intake [71].”
BackgroundXiong, C., Wu, J., Ma, Y., Li, N., Wang, X., Li, Y., & Ding, X. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s451129 · Cited by 36
“12 Our previous study found that both liraglutide and semaglutide had beneficial effects on reproductive and metabolic disturbances in DHEA-induced PCOS model mice, as well as the ability of anti-inflammation and promoting the browning of white adipose tissue.”
BackgroundFemale obesity: clinical and psychological assessment toward the best treatment
Guglielmi, V., Grave, R. D., Leonetti, F., & Solini, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1349794 · Cited by 33
Epigenetics in obesity: Mechanisms and advances in therapies based on natural products
Chen, P., Wang, Y., Chen, F., & Zhou, B. (2024) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.1171 · Cited by 27
Ma, B., Fuhrmann, J., Henriksen, H. C., Khojasteh, S. C., Li, W., Liu, J., Plise, E. G., Yu, Q., & Cheruzel, L. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c02276 · Cited by 30
Progress and recognition of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A narrative review
Zhou, C., Zhou, Y.-F., Liu, L., Jiang, H.-M., Wei, H.-M., Zhou, C., & Ji, X.-M. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14895 · Cited by 25
“156 A study showed that GLP-1RAs could effectively lower ICP in normal and hydrocephalus rat models by minimizing NKA activity.”
BackgroundRadiographic Midfacial Volume Changes in Patients on GLP‐1 Agonists
Sharma, R. K., Vittetoe, K. L., Barna, A. J., Takkouche, S., Varelas, A. N., Yang, S. F., Stephan, S. J., & Patel, P. N. (2025) · Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1002/ohn.1209 · Cited by 24
Meca, A.-D., Boboc, I. K. Ş., Mititelu-Tarțău, L., & Bogdán, M. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46060354 · Cited by 29
Breit, S., & Hubl, D. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107415 · Cited by 21
Patients’ experiences with GLP1-RAs – a systematic review
Ibsen, C. K., Kousgaard, M. B., Olsen, S., Christiansen, A.-K. L., Sandholdt, C., Rørth, R., & Overbeck, G. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2025.2477141 · Cited by 19
“Semaglutide was originally approved for type 2 diabetes in 2017 under the trade name Ozempic, mainly because of its ability to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreasing glucose levels in patients with diabetes [6,8].”
InfluentialWang, C., Wu, Z., Zhou, J., Cheng, B., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-025-06154-5 · Cited by 18
“It can reduce medication frequency and improve patient adherence and is currently mainly used in the treatment of T2DM and obesity (Andreadis et al. 2018; Dhillon 2018; Chao et al. 2023).”
Buonanno, S., Gaggiano, C., Terribili, R., Cantarini, L., Frediani, B., & Gentileschi, S. (2025) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-025-02140-2 · Cited by 21
Recent progress in the pharmacotherapy for obesity
Lu, J., Liu, P., Cai, M., Lv, T., Zhang, M., Yin, K., Cheng, J., & Zhang, G. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177850 · Cited by 17
Nilsen, J., Aaen, K. H., Benjakul, S., Ruso‐Julve, F., Greiner, T. U., Bejan, D., Stensland, M., Singh, S. K., Schlothauer, T., Sandlie, I., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08249-8 · Cited by 21
“GLP-1 receptor agonists (RAs) have been developed for the treatment of type2diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 24,25 ,andwerealsorecentlyapprovedtotreat obesity 26,27 .”
Fahim, S. A., Attia, Y. M., Messiha, A. A., Nabawy, A. Y., Refaat, F., & El-Maadawy, W. H. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118731 · Cited by 21
Zhang, Z., Niu, Z., & Dong, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106404 · Cited by 18
Exploring Autophagy Inducing Molecules: Targeting Diverse Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease Management
Singh, B., Mahajan, S., Abdella, S., Khan, R., & Garg, S. (2025) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.70013 · Cited by 16
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The Impact and Safety of GLP‐1 Agents and Breast Cancer
Parsons, K., Montalvo, M., Fischbach, N. A., Taylor, M. A., Alfaro, S., & Lustberg, M. B. (2025) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.70932 · Cited by 21
“Other side effects consist of fatigue, dizziness, anxiety, gallbladder disease, and pancreatitis [53].”
Advances in the mechanism for steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Zhou, R., Bian, Y., Cai, X., Sun, H., Lv, Z., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Zhu, W., Feng, B., et al. (2026) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-025-00477-2 · Cited by 17
“345 Its ability to reduce visceral fat while potentially enhancing bone quality makes it a compelling candidate for SONFH treatment.”
Zeng, Q., Gong, Y., Jiao, W., Xu, J., Chen, X., Xu, R., Liu, Y., Liang, X., Li, G., Liu, J., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adv8734 · Cited by 12
“Recently, a series of oral hypoglycemic drugs and subcutaneously administered medications were used in diabetes management, among which semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, had aroused substantial interest in diabetic patients and researchers ( 61 – 63 ).”
The multifaceted effects of semaglutide: exploring its broad therapeutic applications
Alkhatib, M., Almasri, N., Alshwayyat, S., Almahariq, H., Hammadeh, B. M., Taimeh, Z., Alkhatib, L., Alshwayat, A. R. I., Saadeh, N. A., & Al‐kurdi, M. A. (2025) · Future Science OA · doi:10.1080/20565623.2025.2483607 · Cited by 13
“…extending its half-life to 155–184 h by reducing metabolic degradation, enhancing receptor affinity in organs such as the pancreas and hypothalamus, and increasing albumin binding. consequently, a single weekly dose of 0.5 or 1.0 mg, starting with 0.25 mg for the first 4 weeks, is effective [5,6].”
InfluentialAdvances in Oral Biomacromolecule Therapies for Metabolic Diseases
Jiao, Q., Huang, Y., He, J., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17020238 · Cited by 13
“Oral semaglutide is available on the market, in which SNAC is incorporated with semaglutide to improve the systemic absorption of the peptide by transiently neutralizing the acidic environment and inhibiting pepsin activity [158].”
Weighted Breaths: Exploring Biologic and Non-Biologic Therapies for Co-Existing Asthma and Obesity
Pilkington, A., Buragamadagu, B., & Johnston, R. A. (2024) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-024-01153-x · Cited by 10
“Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, including semaglutide, were initially approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes yet are now available for chronic weight management [133].”
BackgroundTerenzi, D. C., Bakbak, E., Teoh, H., Krishnaraj, A., Puar, P., Rotstein, O. D., Cosentino, F., Goldenberg, R., Verma, S., & Hess, D. C. (2023) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvae016 · Cited by 14
Obesity and Weight Management in HIV: Epidemiology, Complications, and Emerging Treatments
Pryke, L. A., Koethe, J. R., & Bailin, S. S. (2026) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-026-00776-1 · Cited by 9
“GLP-1RAs and dual GLP-1 and GIP RAs constitute a novel therapeutic class that demonstrates high weight loss effi - cacy [17, 18, 76, 77].”
Obesity and In Vitro Fertilization
Ferrell, E. L., Choudhry, A. A., & Schon, S. B. (2023) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1776420 · Cited by 7
He, X., Zhao, Z., Sun, Y., & Jiang, X. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.118163 · Cited by 8
Windram, M., Lovelock, D. F., Carew, J. M., Krieman, C. G., Hendershot, C. S., & Besheer, J. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06854-3 · Cited by 3
“These observations are consistent with clini - cal findings that side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists often attenuate over time (Wharton et al. 2022; Chao et al. 2023), which may explain why the highest dose of semaglu - tide reduced response rate only after the initial injection.”
Is the GLP-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, a good option for weight loss in persons with HIV?
Lee, D., & Capeau, J. (2024) · AIDS (London) · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003816 · Cited by 8
Ciccarelli, G., Giuseppe, G. D., Cinti, F., Moffa, S., Mezza, T., & Giaccari, A. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3668 · Cited by 11
“54,55 60 All these drugs improve the clinical features of NAFLD, and all reduce plasma levels of aminotransferases.”
Amylin receptors as therapeutic targets in obesity: Emerging peptide-based strategies
Rejili, M. S., Hussain, M. S., Khan, Y., Haouala, F., Ganesan, S., Sahoo, S., Pal, A., & Arora, V. (2025) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2025.107563 · Cited by 7
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Ahuja, A., Paredes, A. A., & Young, B. K. (2025) · JAMA ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.3821 · Cited by 7
Anker, S. D., Ji, L., Kindel, T., Coats, A. J. S., Ojji, D., Puente-Barragán, A., Rossing, P. R., Zieroth, S. R., Ahmad, S., Usman, S., et al. (2025) · Global Cardiology · doi:10.4081/cardio.2025.86 · Cited by 13
iCARDIO Alliance Global Implementation Guidelines for the Management of Obesity 2025
Anker, S. D., Ji, L., Kindel, T. L., Coats, A. J. S., Ojji, D. B., Puente-Barragán, A., Rossing, P. R., Zieroth, S. R., Ahmad, S., Usman, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70167 · Cited by 4
“Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg was approved by the FDA in 2017 and the European Medicines Agency in 2018 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes [76].”
InfluentialReply to Comment on Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Risk of Cataract Development.
Ahuja, A., Paredes, A. A., Ahuja, S. A., & Young, B. K. (2025) · American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.12.021 · Cited by 6
Semaglutide attenuates lipotoxicity-induced cardiac injury by inhibiting Slc27a2 expression
Pan, X., Wang, S., Yang, X., Jia, B., & Chen, S. (2025) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111583 · Cited by 7
Fishman, C. E., Walshe, C., Claridge, T., Witek, S., Pandya, K., Christie, J. D., Diamond, J. M., & Anderson, M. R. (2024) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.11.016 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y., Duan, X., Hua, P., Wu, S., & Liu, X. (2024) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_693_23 · Cited by 6
Weighing your options—intragastric balloon versus semaglutide
Choy, K., Abbitt, D., Kovar, A., Jones, T. S., McCallum, M., Thomas, E. A., Saxon, D. R., Wikiel, K. J., & Jones, E. L. (2024) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-024-11169-z · Cited by 5
Bauer, I., Rimbach, G. H., Cordeiro, S., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Weghuber, J., Ipharraguerre, I. R., & Lüersen, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1396292 · Cited by 9
Mathur, W., Kosta, S., Reddy, M., Galvão, M., & Bhandari, M. (2023) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-023-06975-8 · Cited by 6
“In recent years, it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2021 for the treatment of overweight/obese individuals [7].”
Lopes, A. C., Roque, F., Lourenço, O. M., Herdeiro, M. T., & Morgado, M. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2172159 · Cited by 7
Shen, Y., Zhang, M., Yang, T., Wu, Y., Qiu, Y., Zhang, L., Li, F., Chen, M., Chen, Q., Wei, W., et al. (2026) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-026-00867-2 · Cited by 8
“GLP1RAs, such as semaglutide, have emerged as powerful therapeutics in the treat-ment of type 2 diabetes and obesity [44].”
Genome-wide meta-analysis with 2,206,440 individuals identifies 322 novel risk loci for obesity
Gao, R., Su, W., Deng, J., Zhai, B., Zhu, G., Qiu, J., Bian, Z., He, X., Luan, G., & Wang, R. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01979-z · Cited by 4
Liu, H., Tian, Y., Bao, X., & Li, Y.-K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24633-0 · Cited by 4
Evaluating Suicidal Risk in GLP-1RA Therapy: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analytic Evidence
Ștefănescu, C., Bratu, E. A., Pelin, A.-M., Boroi, D., Crecan-Suciu, B. D., & Ștefănescu, V. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13222958 · Cited by 4
“…[9,10,29], emotional eating [10], cognition [10], substance use [10,13,26], treatment satisfaction [28], diabetes distress [28], and anxiety [10,26] (of note here is that despite the beneficial effects in studies performed on humans, in animal models some anxiogenic responses were found [34]).”
Chen, W., Xu, D., Shao, X., Song, Q., & Chen, R. (2025) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2025.2553052 · Cited by 8
“Semaglutide, as a long-acting GLP-1 RA, was injected once a week, significantly improving patient compliance [12].”
In vivo antibody-selective conjugation technology for long-acting drugs
Kitahara, K., Rondon, A., Miller, E., Mak, H. H., Loas, A., & Pentelute, B. L. (2025) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2025.102705 · Cited by 4
Current and Emerging Parenteral and Peroral Medications for Weight Loss: A Narrative Review
Lawati, A. A., Alhabsi, A. N., Rahul, R., Savino, M.-L., Alwahaibi, H., Das, S., & Lawati, H. A. (2025) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases13050129 · Cited by 5
“Clinical trials have shown promising therapeutic effects of Wegovy ® in managing obesity, with evidence indicating that it can lead to a 15% reduction in body weight over 68 weeks [40,41].”
Role of Microneedles for Improved Treatment of Obesity: Progress and Challenges
Chilamakuri, S. N., Manasa, N., Thalla, M., Ravichandiran, V., Lee, Y., Cho, S. M., Jung, H., & Natesan, S. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01115 · Cited by 4
Kuhlemeier, A., Horn, D. J., Jaki, T., Wilson, D. K., Resnicow, K., Jimenez, E. Y., & Horn, M. L. V. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24258 · Cited by 4
“These drugs increase insulin and satiety and decrease hunger and cravings, resulting in average declines of up to 17% of initial weight [ 6].”
InfluentialAdvances of deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in the development of peptide drugs
Niu, Y., Qin, P., & Lin, P. (2025) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1080/17568919.2025.2463319 · Cited by 5
Resistant and Refractory Obesity: The Complexity of Anti-Obesity Therapy Failure
Nicze, M., Borówka, M., Dec, A., Bułdak, Ł., Bołdys, A., & Okopień, B. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27062539 · Cited by 4
Residence time distribution in flow reactors for solid phase synthesis
Pinzón-López, S., Hsu, W.-H., Ebert, D., Huei-Lin, M., Kraume, M., Seeberger, P. H., & Danglad-Flores, J. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.171495 · Cited by 3
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Risk of Cataract Development
Ahuja, A. S., Paredes, A. A., AHUJA, S. A., & Young, B. K. (2025) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.10.021 · Cited by 8
Luo, Y., Yang, S., Zeng, H., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2025) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-025-00987-0 · Cited by 4
“Emerging studies have demonstrated that semaglutide has biological functions for weight management, accompanied by improvements in physical functioning and cardiovascular risk factors [20].”
Lee, T., Pathare, N. N., Okpara, S. O., Ghali, A. N., Harrington, M. A., & Young, J. R. (2025) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.24.00002 · Cited by 3
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Panchal, P., Daware, S., Guo, Y., Mao, G.-M., Billack, B., Khatri, P., & Patel, K. (2026) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-026-03455-x · Cited by 2
“GLP-1 agonists delay stomach emptying, promote satiety by lowering overall food intake, suppressing glucagon release, and increases insulin release and secretion in hyperglycemic states [5, 6].”
Future Directions in the Medical Treatment of Obesity: A Narrative Review
Bassatne, A., & Rizo, I. M. (2026) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-026-03576-6 · Cited by 2
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Anker, S. D., Ji, L., Kindel, T. L., Coats, A. J. S., Ojji, D. B., Puente-Barragán, A., Rossing, P. R., Zieroth, S. R., Ahmad, S., Usman, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of the Association of Physicians of India · doi:10.59556/japi.74.1445 · Cited by 1
Francis, L., & Butler, M. G. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47121007 · Cited by 1
“Semaglutide mimics physiological effects leading to weight loss by acting on appetite control centers in the hypothalamus and brainstem [11,12].”
Wang, L., Lu, T., Tu, L., Zhuang, J., Xu, Y., & Chen, G.-Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1642421 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, bariatric surgery entails substantial costs, creating considerable economic burdens for patients (17– 19).”
Biomedical model, reductionism and their consequences for body perception
Wieczorkowska, M. (2024) · Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Sociologica · doi:10.18778/0208-600x.90.02 · Cited by 2
“As a result, the substance regulates appetite (Chao et al. 2023; Oleszczuk et al. 2022).”
BackgroundHow to 'drug' our way out of the obesity crisis (or not): the roll-out of semaglutide.
Khan, N. (2024) · The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · doi:10.3399/bjgp24x737241 · Cited by 2
Shao, Y., Chen, Y., Zhu, M., Liu, Y., Chen, F., Wang, M., Sun, P. G., Fu, W., Huang, J., Sheng, S., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s457830 · Cited by 4
“24,25 In 2014, liraglutide (marketed as Saxenda for obesity) as the first GLP-1RA was approved by the FDA for managing obesity, without concurrent diabetes.”
BackgroundAlharbi, A. S., Alshammari, A. A. A., Alwesmi, M. B., & Mani, V. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16081317 · Cited by 1
“For weight reduction, a weekly dose is used, based on clinical trials showing more pronounced reductions in body weight relative to placebo and liraglutide [23,24].”
Gut microbiota as a novel therapeutic target for eating disorders and obesity
Samulenaite, S., Mathis, V., Darcq, E., Burokas, A., Martín‐García, E., & Maldonado, R. J. (2026) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70547 · Cited by 1
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“The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several anti-obe-sity medications for the management of chronic obesity in adults, including lorcaserin, orlistat, extended-release phen - termine/topiramate, naltrexone/bupropion, and semaglutide (Kakkar and Dahiya 2015; Chao et al. 2023).”
Li, Z., Yao, J., Wang, S., Xu, J., & Wu, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1799041 · Cited by 1
Semaglutide targets muscle mitochondria to regulate glutamine metabolism and treat osteoarthritis
Tian, Y., Zheng, Z., Ma, Y., Ye, F., Pang, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, C., & Gao, J. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116347 · Cited by 1
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“…may be phenotype-specific: the Metabolic phenotype may benefit from GLP-1 receptor agonists achieving substantial weight reduction [23,24]; the Advanced Neuro-hormonal/Inflammatory phenotype with elevated NT-proBNP may benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors [25] or anti-inflammatory…”
Lou, Q., Cai, J., & Yin, J. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14040853 · Cited by 1
“Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) that promotes endogenous insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, inhibits glucagon secretion, and can also act on the hypothalamic feeding center to suppress appetite and delay gastric emptying [81].”
Luo, Y.-F., Zhang, J., Chen, W., Zhang, H., & Zou, L.-L. (2026) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2026.116115 · Cited by 1
Cetiner, S. (2026) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-026-02232-y · Cited by 1
“An oral formulation was subsequently approved in the United States in 2019 and in Europe in 2020 [15].”
Influentialzhang, Y., Wang, D., Si, X., Wang, T., Chen, X., Chen, D., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1007/s10735-026-10764-9 · Cited by 2
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“In 2021, the FDA extended approval of subcutaneous semaglutide for chronic weight management at higher weekly doses of 1.7 and 2.4 mg [7].”
InfluentialLong, Z., Li, J.-X., Zhu, F.-N., Liu, X.-J., Zhoua, J., Li, J., & Xu, W. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151199 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Chao, A. M., Tronieri, J. S., Amaro, A., & Wadden, T. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chao, Ariana M.
- Venue
- Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 159-166
- ISSN
- 1050-1738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9209591
- OpenAlex
- W4200213833
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 19
- FWCI
- 2.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research
- National Institutes of Health (K23NR017209)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- semaglutide, obesity, GLP-1 receptor agonists, weight loss, cardiometabolic risk, cardiovascular risk factors, drug safety, mechanism of action, weight management
- MeSH terms
- Semaglutide, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucagon-Like Peptides, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Obesity, Weight Loss
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