Effects of weight-loss medications on cardiometabolic risk profiles: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background & aims We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the overall and comparative effects of weight-loss medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration for long-term use on cardiometabolic risk profiles of obese adults.Methods We performed a systematic literature review through February 28, 2017 to identify randomized clinical trials of the effects of Food and Drug Administration-approved weight-loss medications (ie, orlistat, lorcaserin, naltrexone-bupropion, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide) administered to obese adults for 1 year or more, compared with placebo or another active agent. Outcomes of interest included changes in blood glucose (fasting blood glucose [FBG] and hemoglobin A1c), cholesterol profile (low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoproteins), blood pressure (BP; systolic/diastolic), and waist circumference (WC). We performed pair-wise and network meta-analyses with outcomes reported as weighted and standardized mean differences. Quality of evidence was rated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).Results In a meta-analysis of 28 randomized controlled trials (29,018 participants; median body mass index, 36.1 kg/m 2), we associated weight-loss medications with a modest decrease in FBG (weighted mean difference, 4.0 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval, -4.4 to -3.6 mg/dL) and WC (weighted mean difference, reduction of 3.3 cm; 95% confidence interval, -3.5 to -3.1 cm), without clinically meaningful changes in systolic/diastolic BP or cholesterol profile vs placebo (standardized mean difference <0.2); effects varied among drugs. Phentermine-topiramate use was associated with a substantial decrease in WC and a modest decrease in FBG, hemoglobin A1c, and BP, and had minimal effect on cholesterol. Liraglutide use was associated with a substantial decrease in FBG, hemoglobin A1c, and WC, and a minimal effect on BP and cholesterol. Naltrexone-bupropion use was associated with moderate increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but had a minimal effect on FBG and WC. Orlistat use was associated with a decrease in low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No drug improved all cardiometabolic risk factors.Conclusions In a systematic review and network meta-analysis, we found Food and Drug Administration-approved weight-loss medications to have only modest positive effects on cardiometabolic risk profile. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term cardiometabolic benefits of these medications.Prospero CRD42016039486.
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Previous NMAs and a traditional meta-analysis on therapeutic options for overweight and obesity did not include more recently available OMMs such as tirzepatide, or included medications not approved for overweight/obesity, or adopted different inclusion criteria.
“Several NMAs20–23 and a traditional meta-analysis24 on different therapeutic options for overweight and obesity were published in the last few years, but they did not include more recently available OMMs, such as tirzepatide20–22, or they included medications not approved for the treatment of overweight/obesity (for example, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 agonists, such as dulaglutide)22, or”
From A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for obesity in adults (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The results of this NMA are in line with those reported in previous NMA and meta-analysis.
“These results are in line with those reported in previous NMA and meta-analysis20–22,24”
From A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for obesity in adults (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
Orlistat, naltrexone/bupropion, and phentermine/topiramate are each associated with achieving >5% weight loss at 52 weeks compared with placebo.
“Orlistat, naltrexone/bupropion, and phentermine/topiramate are each associated with achieving >5% weight loss at 52 weeks compared with placebo.66”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [66]
Liraglutide relative to placebo reduced fasting blood glucose by 15.7 mg/dL, HbA1c by 0.5%, and systolic blood pressure by 2.8 mmHg.
“Liraglutide, relative to placebo, resulted in declines of 15.7 mg/dL in fasting blood glucose, 0.5% in hemoglobin A1c, and 2.8 mmHg in systolic blood pressure.(24)”
From Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Khera, R., Pandey, A., Chandar, A. K., Murad, M. H., Prokop, L. J., Neeland, I. J., Berry, J. D., Camilleri, M., & Singh, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Siddharth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1309-1319.e7
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5880739
- OpenAlex
- W2782270662
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001105, T15LM011271, 5T32HL125247-02)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001105, T15LM011271, 5T32HL125247-02)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (UL1TR001105, T15LM011271, 5T32HL125247-02)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (UL1TR001105, T15LM011271, 5T32HL125247-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- anti-obesity drugs, cardiometabolic risk, obesity, orlistat, lorcaserin, naltrexone/bupropion, phentermine/topiramate, liraglutide, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, blood pressure, waist circumference, long-term drug safety, FDA-approved drugs, comparative drug effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Weight Loss, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Anti-Obesity Agents, Metabolic Syndrome, Waist Circumference, Protective Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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