Glutamine as an Essential Amino Acid for KRas-Driven Cancer Cells
Abstract
Cancer cells consume glutamine, a nonessential amino acid (NEAA), at exceedingly high rates to fulfill their energetic and biosynthetic requirements for proliferation. Glutamine plays distinct roles from essential amino acids in cell cycle progression and in the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, the need of cancer cells for glutamine can be exploited therapeutically - especially those driven by KRas. In this review we explore several distinct cellular roles for glutamine that contribute to glutamine addiction in KRas-driven cancer cells and discuss opportunities for therapeutic intervention created by glutamine addiction.
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K-Ras-driven cells have increased expression of GOT1 and GOT2.
“Additionally, K-Ras-driven cells are characterized by increased expression of GOT1 and GOT2182,183.”
From Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism (2020) · cites this paper as [182]
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“At the same time, KRAS stimulates another alternative pathway for glutamine uptake, which is through the regulation of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and GLUD1 [112].”
BackgroundPPAR-γ integrates obesity and adipocyte clock through epigenetic regulation of Bmal1
Wang, S., Lin, Y., Gao, L., Yang, Z., Lin, J., Ren, S., Li, F., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Dong, Z., et al. (2022) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.69054 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Bonanomi, M., Salmistraro, N., Porro, D., Pinsino, A., Colangelo, A. M., & Gaglio, D. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134947 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…and AOM treatments and in HCT15 tumor cells, confirmed by untargeted and targeted metabolic profiling, identifies the important role of this non-essential nutrient in metabolic shift (Bernfeld and Foster, 2019; Gaglio et al., 2020; Scalise et al., 2017; Tambay et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2015).”
Chen, J., Zou, L., Lu, G. X., Grinchuk, O. V., Fang, L., Ong, D. S. T., Taneja, R., Ong, C. N., & Shen, H. (2022) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-022-00406-1 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Targeting KRAS in pancreatic cancer
Stickler, S., RATH, B., & Hamilton, G. (2024) · Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.32604/or.2024.045356 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Glutamine and cancer: metabolism, immune microenvironment, and therapeutic targets
Nan, D., Yao, W., Huang, L., Liu, R., Chen, X., Xia, W., Sheng, H., Zhang, H., Liang, X., & Lü, Y. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-02018-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Glutamine is involved in numerous cellular biosynthesis processes, including the creation of proteins, lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids [1].”
Bartolacci, C., Andreani, C., Elgammal, Y., & Scaglioni, P. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.706650 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The Glutamine Metabolism Dilemma The need of cancer cells for glutamine, the so called “glutamine addiction”, represents a vulnerability that can be exploited therapeutically, especially in KRAS-driven cancers (Son et al., 2013; Toda et al., 2017; Bernfeld and Foster, 2019; Galan-Cobo et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMYC and KRAS cooperation: from historical challenges to therapeutic opportunities in cancer
Casacuberta‐Serra, S., González-Larreategui, Í., Capitán-Leo, D., & Soucek, L. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01907-z · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“194 In the case of lung tumor cells from KRAS-G12D mice, increased MYC expression was shown to increase glutamine synthetase (GS) levels.”
BackgroundTargeting KRAS: from metabolic regulation to cancer treatment
Shi, Y., Zheng, H., Wang, T., Zhou, S., Zhao, S., Li, M., & Cao, B. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-024-02216-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Additionally, KRAS activation bypasses regulatory controls over glutamine utilization during the cell cycle by promoting passage through the R1 and R2 checkpoints via the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K/mTOR pathways, respectively, thus enhancing proliferation [64].”
Regulation of Ferroptosis by Amino Acid Metabolism in Cancer
Yang, J., Dai, X., Xu, H., Tang, Q., & Bi, F. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.64982 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cellular metabolism: A key player in cancer ferroptosis
Jiang, X., Peng, Q., Peng, M., Oyang, L., Wang, H., Liu, Q., Xu, X., Wu, N., Tan, S., Yang, W., et al. (2024) · 癌症:英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.12519 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Glutamine contributes to the formation of GSH and NADPH together with Gly and Cys synthesis and regulates redox homeostasis in cells [96, 97].”
BackgroundA second Warburg‐like effect in cancer metabolism: The metabolic shift of glutamine‐derived nitrogen
Kodama, M., & Nakayama, K. I. (2020) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202000169 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“[9,19] Given that glutamine can be synthesized from metabolites derived from glycolysis and the TCA cycle, it is defined as a nonessential amino acid[20].”
BackgroundPei, S., Zhang, P., Chen, H., Zhao, S., Dai, Y., Yang, L., Kang, Y.-T., Zheng, M.-J., Xia, Y.-Q., & Xie, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1135297 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Glutamine and glutamate are non-essential amino acids, which are the main sources of nitrogen and carbon for the synthesis of amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids, but are important for the metabolic processes of tumor cells (9).”
BackgroundKandasamy, P., Zlobec, I., Nydegger, D. T., Pujol‐Giménez, J., Bhardwaj, R., Shirasawa, S., Tsunoda, T., & Hediger, M. A. (2021) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12999 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Resistance looms for KRAS G12C inhibitors and rational tackling strategies
Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Liu, Q., Fan, X., Leung, E. L., Yao, X., & Liu, L. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108050 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Metabolomics of Breast Cancer: A Review
Subramani, R., Poudel, S., Smith, K. D., Estrada, A., & Lakshmanaswamy, R. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12070643 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
De novo nucleotide biosynthetic pathway and cancer
Chen, J., Yang, S., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, P., Song, Q., Yao, Y., & Pei, H. (2022) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.018 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Overexpression of K-RAS in tumor cells increases the expression of enzymes related to glutamine metabolism, and the absorption of glutamine is significantly enhanced.(20) The above studies suggest that oncogenes promote the metabolism of glutamine in tumor cells and provide more raw materials for the synthesis of nucl…”
BackgroundRethinking glutamine metabolism and the regulation of glutamine addiction by oncogenes in cancer
Ni, R., Li, Z., Li, L., Peng, D., Ming, Y., Li, L., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1143798 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Xia, M., Li, X., Diao, Y., Du, B., & Li, Y. (2020) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100920 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sebestyén, A. R., Dankó, T., Sztankovics, D., Moldvai, D., Raffay, R. E., Cervi, C., Krencz, I., Zsiros, V., Jeney, A., & Petővári, G. (2021) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-021-10006-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pancreatic cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapeutic strategies
Rozengurt, E., & Eibl, G. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02499-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“237 Although glutamine is a nonessential amino acid, PDAC cells depend on exogenous glutamine metabolism for their anabolic processes, including serving as a carbon source for lipid biosynthesis and a nitrogen source for nonessential amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis.”
Functional Amino Acids and Autophagy: Diverse Signal Transduction and Application
Liu, C., Ji, L., Hu, J., Zhao, Y., Johnston, L. J., Zhang, X., & Ma, X. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111427 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment with biotechnology
Kim, M., Lee, N. K., Wang, C. J., Lim, J., Byun, M. J., Kim, T. P., Park, W., Park, D.-H., Kim, S.-N., & Park, C. G. (2023) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.1186/s40824-023-00343-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Amino acid metabolism Amino acids (AAs) are divided into two types: essential amino acids (EAAs) and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) [137].”
BackgroundSpada, M., Piras, C., Diana, G., Leoni, V. P., Frau, D. V., Serreli, G., Simbula, G., Loi, R., Noto, A., Murgia, F., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12030683 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Glutamine deprivation induces ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells
Xiao, Z., Deng, S., Liu, H., Wang, R., Liu, Y., Dai, Z., Gu, W., Ni, Q., Yu, X., Liu, C., et al. (2023) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2023029 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Discussion Glutamine is a super nutrient for pancreatic cancer growth and progression [10,12].”
The metabolic importance of the glutaminase II pathway in normal and cancerous cells
Dorai, T., Pinto, J. T., Denton, T. T., Krasnikov, B. F., & Cooper, A. J. L. (2020) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2020.114083 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Metabolic Reprogramming in Thyroid Cancer
Ju, S. H., Song, M., Lim, J. Y., Kang, Y. E., Yi, H., & Shong, M. (2024) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2023.1802 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Additionally, KRAS activation has been linked to increased glutamine metabolism and the diversion of glucose-derived carbon to support nucleotide biosynthesis [66].”
BackgroundArchitectural control of metabolic plasticity in epithelial cancer cells
Al‐Masri, M., Paliotti, K., Tran, R., Halaoui, R., Lelarge, V., Chatterjee, S. J., Wang, L., Moraes, C., & McCaffrey, L. M. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01899-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Metaboloepigenetics in cancer, immunity, and cardiovascular disease
Keating, S. T., & El‐Osta, A. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac058 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Addiction to glutamine is a prominent feature of Kirsten rat sarcoma virus, oncogene (KRAS)-mutant cancers.(75,76) A re-”
BackgroundHanada, K., Kawada, K., Nishikawa, G., Toda, K., Maekawa, H., Nishikawa, Y., Masui, H., Hirata, W., Okamoto, M., Kiyasu, Y., et al. (2021) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Proline dehydrogenase in cancer: apoptosis, autophagy, nutrient dependency and cancer therapy
Liu, Y., Mao, C., Liu, S., Xiao, D., Shi, Y., & Tao, Y. (2021) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03032-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 1 as a potential target in human cancer
Song, Z., Yang, Y., Wu, Y., Zheng, M., Sun, D., Li, H., & Chen, L. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174754 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy
Jiménez‐Alonso, J. J., & López‐Lázaro, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132879 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cooper, A. J. L., Dorai, T., Pinto, J. T., & Denton, T. T. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12081131 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Karagiannis, D., Wu, W., Li, A. M., Hayashi, M., Chen, X., Yip, M., Mangipudy, V. S., Xu, X., Rivera, F. J. S., Soto‐Feliciano, Y. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113629 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Given that KRAS mutations has known roles in glutamine metabolism 57,58 and sensitivity to HDAC inhibition, 59 further study is warranted to assess if our findings can be extended to KRAS WT tumor cells.”
Curcumin and Ferroptosis: a Promising Target for Disease Prevention and Treatment
Foroutan, Z., Butler, A. E., Zengin, G., & Sahebkar, A. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-023-01212-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“After glutamine enters the cell, three possible metabolic routes are followed [24].”
Complex metabolic interactions between ovary, plasma, urine, and hair in ovarian cancer
Zhong, X., Ran, R., Gao, S., Shi, M., Shi, X., Long, F., Zhou, Y. R., Yang, Y., Tang, X., Lin, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.916375 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, X., Xiao-xia, Y., Peng-Fei, S., Zong-Xue, Z., & Xiu-li, G. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175323 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Targeting Asparagine Metabolism in Solid Tumors
Hanada, K., Kawada, K., & Obama, K. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010179 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in human serum, and many cancer cells consume large amounts of glutamine to meet their energy needs, which contributes to glutamine depletion [34–36].”
He, Q., Li, J., Tao, C., Zeng, C., Liu, C., Zheng, Z., Mou, S., Liu, W., Zhang, B., Yu, X., et al. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.525 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yu, T., der Jeught, K. V., Zhu, H., Zhou, Z., Sharma, S., Liu, S., Eyvani, H., So, K. M., Singh, N., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202310308 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Duan, Y., Zhang, D., Yan, Y., Zheng, S., Huang, P., Zhang, F., Mo, G., Huang, F., Yin, Q., Li, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.765563 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, glutamine plays a different role as an essential amino acid in the cell cycle progression, activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and homeostasis activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Still and Yuneva, 2017; Bernfeld and Foster, 2019).”
BackgroundZhang, Q., & Li, W. (2022) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v14.i4.267 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rerouting the drug response: Overcoming metabolic adaptation in KRAS-mutant cancers
Moss, D., McCann, C. K., & Kerr, E. M. (2022) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.abj3490 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“INHIBITING GLUTAMINE METABOLISM TO OVERCOME CHEMORESISTANCE Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in our bodies, is a source of both carbon and nitrogen for tumor cells (111), and its metabolism is often enhanced in cancer (21, 112, 113).”
BackgroundNuclear Receptor-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming and the Impact on HR+ Breast Cancer
Hussein, S., Khanna, P., Yunus, N., & Gatza, M. L. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13194808 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer
Li, Y., Hu, L., Peng, X., Xu, H., Tang, B., & Xu, C. S. (2022) · Cancer Drug Resistance · doi:10.20517/cdr.2021.102 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ferroptosis and its role in gastric and colorectal cancers
Hou, J., Wang, B., Li, J., & Liu, W. (2024) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2024.28.3.183 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“First, glutaminase GLS catalyses its conversion to glutamate, which, together with cysteine Cys and glycine Gly, synthesize GSH and maintain normal redox homeostasis [62].”
Hatipoglu, A., Menon, D., Levy, T., Frías, M. A., & Foster, D. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276579 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationHou, C., Chu, H.-J., Dai, X., Wu, Y., He, Z., Yu, Y., Lu, Q., Liu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/8832996 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“,e high rate of glutamine uptake plays a required role in the uptake of essential amino acids and in maintaining the activation of target of rapamycin kinase in cancer cells, especially those driven by KRAS [27, 28].”
BackgroundBurgeoning Strategies for Cancer Therapy Based on Ferroptosis Induced by Nanomaterials
Gao, F., Liu, H., Liu, J., & Chen, C. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202511199 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Metabolic Classification and Intervention Opportunities for Tumor Energy Dysfunction
Monferrer, E., Vieco-Martí, I., López-Carrasco, A., Fariñas, F., Abanades, S., de la Cruz‐Merino, L., Noguera, R., & Naranjo, T. Á. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11050264 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Glutamine Glutamate xCT [79] SLC7A5/SLC3A2 [79] GLS1/2 [80–82] SLC1A5(ASCT-2) [69,80] KRAS-driven cancer cells [79,81,82] Glutamine deprivation [79] Aminooxyacetate (AOA) [79] CB-839 [80] BPTES [80] Sulfasalazine [80] V-9302 [80] Compound-968 [83] Sulfonamide sulfonic ester scaffolds [69]”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Qiao, S., Zhang, G., Lü, A., & Li, F. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252010991 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Moreover, Glu and aspartate play critical roles via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [14,31,53].”
BackgroundLiu, Q., Hu, J., Li, X., Gao, H., Kong, D., & Jin, M. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.116796 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glutamine metabolism and ammonia death: targeted modulation for enhanced cancer immunotherapy
Du, F., Xiao, L., Guojun, W., Dai, Q., Li, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, Q., Yang, L., Liu, Y., Hu, Y., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1643017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Similarly, KRAS mutations in tumor cells promote glutamine metabolism by inducing the expression of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), contributing to the maintenance of tumor cell proliferation and survival (53, 54).”
Matschke, J., Larafa, S., & Jendrossek, V. (2021) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20200866 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Targeting amino acid in tumor therapy
Ge, M., Xu, Y., Cui, L., Huang, E., Liu, Z., & Yin, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1582116 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The accumulation of radiolabeled glutamine in positron emission tomography (PET) scans has been effectively utilized for tumor detection (68).”
Chen, C., Guo, W., Wang, H., Cao, L., & Bai, O. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1659011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…active uptake of glutamine via transporters such as ASCT2/SLC1A5, followed by its conversion into glutamate by glutaminase (GLS), and subsequently into a - ketoglutarate ( a -KG), which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to provide energy and biosynthetic precursors for tumor cells (60, 61).”
Rukonge, P. A., Kawuribi, V., Sheng, Y., Wei, Q., Kun, Y., Niyodukunda, P., Wang, T., Lu, Z., Miao, Y., Xu, K., et al. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.105094 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Glutamic Acid Modified Gold Nanorod Sensor for the Detection of Calcium ions in Neuronal Cells
Pathiripparambath, M. S. R., Joseph, M., Manog, M., Thomas, V., Tharayil, H., & Nair, L. V. (2024) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202400009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
α-Ketoglutaramate—A key metabolite contributing to glutamine addiction in cancer cells
Cooper, A. J. L., Dorai, T., Pinto, J. T., & Denton, T. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1035335 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shan, W., Zhang, S., Assaraf, Y. G., & Tam, K. Y. (2025) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2025.167859 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Systematic and precise interventions for KRAS-mutant cancers
Liang, J., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, Y., & He, Q. (2026) · Experimental Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-026-00763-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Glutamine metabolism supports tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle input and reduc-ing-equivalent production via glutaminase (GLS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-a key pillar of KRAS-dependent metabolism [84].”
Hu, H., Yang, J., Miao, J., Li, C., Wang, C., Ran, F., Zou, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., Zhao, W., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1485006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“As a key source of carbon and nitrogen, it promotes tumor cell biosynthesis, energy production, and cellular homeostasis (6, 7).”
Ding, X., Zhang, E., Huang, Z., Li, X., Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Liu, C., & Wu, S. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07386-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Glutamine is primarily converted to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to fuel cellular energy production [14].”
Yang, M., Zhang, X., Zhao, S., Shao, R., Fan, K., Hu, K., Zhang, L., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221126562 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Syeda, A. K. R., Almasi, S., Benson, C. J., Kennedy, B. E., Yoast, R. M., Emrich, S. M., Slade, L., Pakkiriswami, S., Vijayan, V. V., Gujar, S. A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675705 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Glutamine synthetase modulates YAP activation by stabilizing LATS under glutamine homeostasis
Li, S., Ling, T., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Wang, Q., Lv, J., Li, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116620 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Meng, X., Wang, L., He, M., Yang, Z., Jiao, Y., Hu, Y., & Wang, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269998 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Altered glutamine metabolism in Myc-driven cancer, BC, resulted in glutamine addiction, which caused worse survival rate [35].”
BackgroundTang, S., Liu, M., Zhu, Y., Li, L., Qing, C., Guan, Y., Zhou, T., & Tang, X. (2025) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2025141 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Glutamine homeostasis regulates PD-L1 level through STAT3 in pancreatic cancer
Li, Z., Otkur, W., Qi, H., Li, J., Li, S., Ling, T., Wang, H., Li, R., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., et al. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102092 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modifikasi Makanan Enteral Tinggi Asam Amino Essensial
Putriningtyas, N. D., Tyastuti, L. E., & Purwaningsih, S. (2023) · Nutri-Sains Jurnal Gizi Pangan dan Aplikasinya · doi:10.21580/ns.2023.7.1.11759 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Suplementasi leusin dapat menstimulasi sintesis protein otot melalui aktivasi jalur mTOR dengan memproduksi protein melalui jalur lysosomal proteolysis yang selanjutnya mengaktivasi mTORC1 (Bernfeld & Foster, 2019).”
Molecular biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Tsuboi, J., Yamada, R., & HIROKAWA, Y. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95114-2.00016-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xiang, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Cheng, Y., Wang, K., Wang, L., Tong, Y., & Dong, Y. (2025) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12029-025-01173-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Li, X., Ge, Q., Yang, F., Sun, S., & Ge, N. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2777810/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yu, O. L., Zhou, Y., Lim, C. W., & CHING, Y. P. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4635430
Zhu, H., Gong, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, B., Xu, W., Su, Y., Eriksson, J. E., Wang, D., Wei, S., et al. (2025) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2025.12.010
“GOT1 can function as both a redox homeostasis regulator and G1/S checkpoint cofactor [ 21 , 22 ].”
Peng, X., Liu, S., & Tao, Y. (2026) · Experimental Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-026-00812-1
“This compensates for the reduced oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells resulting from the Warburg effect [48].”
Syeda, A. K. R., Almasi, S., Benson, C. J., Kennedy, B. E., Yoast, R. E., Emrich, S. M., Delima-Baril, A., Slade, L., Pakkiriswami, S., Vijayan, V. V., et al. (2026) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2026.113596 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bernfeld, E., & Foster, D. A.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foster, David A.
- ORCID
- Foster, David A.
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 357-368
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2941734641
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-CA046677, R01-CA179542)
- National Center for Research Resources (RP-03037)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- glutamine, glutamine addiction, KRAS-driven cancers, non-essential amino acids, mTOR, cell cycle progression, cancer metabolism, glutamine metabolism, cancer therapy
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Essential, Animals, Glutamine, Humans, Neoplasms, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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