The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Apolipoprotein E structure: insights into function
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a member of the family of soluble apolipoproteins. Through its interaction with members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, apoE has a key role in lipid transport both in the plasma and in the central nervous system. Its three common structural isoforms differentially affect the risk of developing atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Because the function of apoE is dictated by its structure, understanding the structural properties of apoE and its isoforms is required both to determine its role in disease and for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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In the citing paper
“Several biophysical studies have shown that apoE displays low thermodynamic stability and significant conformational plasticity, and allelic differences as well as single point mutations have been shown to affect protein conformation and to hinder physiological function”
From Thermodynamic destabilization and aggregation propensity as the mechanism behind the association of apoE3 mutants and lipoprotein glomerulopathy (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Several biophysical studies have shown that apoE displays low thermodynamic stability and significant conformational plasticity, and allelic differences as well as single point mutations have been shown to affect protein conformation and to hinder physiological function”
From Thermodynamic destabilization and aggregation propensity as the mechanism behind the association of apoE3 mutants and lipoprotein glomerulopathy (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Inter-domain interactions within apoE have been hypothesized to underlie key conformational changes related to apoE function [44], [45].”
From Biophysical Analysis of Apolipoprotein E3 Variants Linked with Development of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia (2011) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Several studies have suggested that the structural and biophysical properties of apoE can dictate the function of the protein and have provided insight into the mechanisms by which apoE is involved in cardiovascular and neurological diseases [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49].”
From Biophysical Analysis of Apolipoprotein E3 Variants Linked with Development of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia (2011) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“of the second unfolding transition of apoE3 variant (Table 3) that corresponds to the unfolding of the N-terminal domain where the K146E mutation is located [13], [44], [65].”
From Biophysical Analysis of Apolipoprotein E3 Variants Linked with Development of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia (2011) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Apo E4 isoform is associated with elevated total and LDL-cholesterol levels, due to the higher affinity of apo E4 for VLDL and LDL”
From Description of a Large Family with Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemia Associated with the APOE p.Leu167del Mutation (2013) · cites this paper as Hatters DM et al. 2006
In the citing paper
“Mutated ApoE2 (Arg158Cys) exhibits only 2% affinity to LDL receptor compared to the wide type ApoE3 isoform [13]”
From A case report of youth-onset lipoprotein glomerulopathy with APOE Chicago mutation (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Biophysical and computational analyses suggest that unfolding of the N-terminal domain constitutes a necessary conformational change for lipid binding and apoE function (19).”
From Molecular Basis for Increased Risk for Late-onset Alzheimer Disease Due to the Naturally Occurring L28P Mutation in Apolipoprotein E4 (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“ApoE variants with lower thermodynamic stability and changes in conformational plasticity have been shown to have altered interdomain interactions and defective physiological functions (19, 24 -28).”
From Molecular Basis for Increased Risk for Late-onset Alzheimer Disease Due to the Naturally Occurring L28P Mutation in Apolipoprotein E4 (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“First, apoE4 preferentially forms a “molten globule state” that ultimately reduces the in vitro stability of apoE4 relative to the other isoforms.”
From Impact of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Polymorphism on Brain ApoE Levels (2008) · cites this paper as Hatters et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Second, apoE4 forms a unique salt bridge interaction between Arg-61 in the N terminal and Glu-255 in the carboxy-terminal domain.”
From Impact of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Polymorphism on Brain ApoE Levels (2008) · cites this paper as Hatters et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“ApoE contains two independently folded functional domains; these are a 22-kDa N-terminal domain (residues 1–191) and a 10-kDa C-terminal domain (residues 216–299) linked by a hinge region (18, 19).”
From Role of the N- and C-Terminal Domains in Binding of Apolipoprotein E Isoforms to Heparan Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate: A Surface Plasmon Resonance Study (2008) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“This domain interaction mediated by a salt bridge formation between Arg-61 and Glu-255 is unique to apoE4 (Fig. 1) [15].”
From Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Ajees, A. A., Anantharamaiah, G. M., Mishra, V., Hussain, M. M., & Murthy, H. M. K. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506877103 · Cited by 204
RetractedKumar, M., Carson, M. A., Hussain, M. M., & Murthy, H. M. K. (2002) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi026069w · Cited by 33
RetractedThe Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease
Scriver, R. C. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,101
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8346443 · Cited by 9,429
The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease
Chen, Y.-T. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,928
Association of apolipoprotein E allele ϵ4 with late‐onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D., St. George-Hyslop, P. H., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Joo, S. H., Rosi, B. L., Gusella, J. F., Crapper-MacLachlan, D. R., Alberts, M. J., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.8.1467 · Cited by 3,786
Intrinsically unstructured proteins: re-assessing the protein structure-function paradigm
Wright, P. E., & Dyson, H. J. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3110 · Cited by 2,968
The plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction
Glomset, J. A. (1968) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43114-1 · Cited by 2,396
Strittmatter, W. J., Weisgraber, K. H., Huang, D. Y., Dong, L. M., Salvesen, G. S., Pericak-Vance, M., Schmechel, D., Saunders, A. M., Goldgaber, D., & Roses, A. D. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.17.8098 · Cited by 1,363
Self-citationMolten Globule and Protein Folding
Ptitsyn, O. B. (1995) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60546-x · Cited by 1,222
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 88 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Pitas, 1980, Cell surface receptor binding of phospholipid–protein complexes containing different ratios of receptor-active and -inactive E apoprotein, J. Biol. Chem., 255, 5454, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70808-4 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lipid Droplets and Cellular Lipid Metabolism
Walther, T. C., & Farese, R. V. (2012) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061009-102430 · Cited by 1,701
“Apo E binds lipoproteins by opening its four-helix bundle and exposing hydrophobic, amphipathic sequences to the lipid surface (86).”
BackgroundApolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies
Yamazaki, Y., Zhao, N., Caulfield, T. R., Liu, C.-C., & Bu, G. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7 · Cited by 1,425
Apolipoprotein E and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease: pathways, pathogenesis and therapy
Bu, G. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2620 · Cited by 1,168
“Human APOE contains 299 amino acid residues and has independently folded amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal domains, which are joined together by a flexible hinge regio”
BackgroundMolecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Guo, T., Zhang, D., Zeng, Y., Huang, T. Y., Xu, H., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7 · Cited by 994
“ε2 encodes Cys residues at the position 112 and 158, ε3 encodes a Cys residue at position 112 and a Arg residue at position 158, and ε4 comprises Arg residues at both positions [447].”
BackgroundBrasaemle, D. (2007) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r700014-jlr200 · Cited by 997
“helices into the acyl chains of the surface phospholipid monolayer of lipoproteins (34, 35).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hatters, D. M., Peters-Libeu, C. A., & Weisgraber, K. H.
- Affiliations
- Gladstone Institutes (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weisgraber, Karl H.
- ORCID
- Hatters, Danny M.
- Venue
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 445-454
- ISSN
- 0968-0004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051394059
- Cited by
- 583
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG020235, P01AG022074)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- apolipoprotein E, protein structure, APOE isoforms, low-density lipoprotein receptor family, lipid transport, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, central nervous system, treatment options
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Humans, Models, Molecular, Protein Binding, Protein Folding, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Protein Isoforms, Atherosclerosis
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